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BIOL 1902 - Natural History > 01 Animal Defenses > Flashcards

01 Animal Defenses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Natural History?

A

The observational science of fauna and flora in the real world.

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2
Q

Who studies Natural History

A

A naturalist.

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3
Q

Animals include?

A

mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, and amphibians.

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4
Q

What is background matching

A

Siting motionless while matching the background.

Merging cryptic behavior (ie. not moving) with appearance.

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5
Q

Disruptive Pattern

A

Patterns which break up the outline of the body shape to make the animal camouflage better

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6
Q

Coincident Disruptive Coloring

A

When patterns on different parts of the body match up to create one solid pattern when the animal is in a certain position.

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7
Q

Group Coincident Disruptive Patterns

A

Group merging together to transform outline of overall form

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8
Q

Masquerade

A

Changing SHAPE and colour to hide

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9
Q

Bicolouration

A

Animals are coloured to be camouflaged from two different perspectives ex. whirligigs black on top white on bottom.

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10
Q

Countershading/Self-Shadow Concealment

A

Animals are lighter in areas where shadows will fall to create flat uniform shape and hide body dimensions

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11
Q

What are startle patterns and what do they need to do to be effective?

A

Brightly coloured parts of an animal which appear when they are threatened to give the animal a chance to escape. Usually varry so predator cannot get habituated to them.

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12
Q

What are eyespots, and what do they do?

A

Startle Pattern for intimidation make animal look large than it is

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13
Q

Startle Structures

A

Parts of the animal that come out when it is threatened to startle predators

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14
Q

Osmeterium

A

Swallow tailed caterpillar startle structure

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15
Q

Startle Sounds

A

Animal making noises to ward off predator.

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16
Q

Distraction/Deflection Patterns + Structures

A

Brightly coloured patterns on non-vital parts of the animal to draw predatory attention also include eyespots

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17
Q

What is body armour on animals and what does it do?

A

Structures that shield soft vulnerable parts of the body.

18
Q

How do soft structures protect animals from being eaten? What are some forms of these soft strucutres?

A

Make the animal unappealing or difficult to eat

Hairs or fibers

19
Q

Define Quills

A

Modified guard hairs

20
Q

Poison Spines

A

Stiff hairs tipped with toxins used as a chemical defense.

21
Q

Aposematic Colouration

A

Warning Colouration, yellow, red and orange to advertise poison and warn animals not to eat

22
Q

Nighttime Aposematic Colouration

A

B + W

23
Q

Sequester

A

Acquiring poison through something in their diet and store it in the body for use

24
Q

Aggressive Mimicry

A

An animal uses mimicry to obtain a meal.

25
Q

If an animal has a chemical defense it usually has ______.

A

Aposematic Colouration

26
Q

Aposematic Colouration helps predator’s ______

A

learn + avoid that colour pattern

27
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A

Animals which have similar colouration, and all bear some sort of defense

28
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

Animals which have similar colouration and appearance where some animals are harmful (models) and some are harmless (mimics)

29
Q

Batesian Mimicry only works if?

A

Models outweigh mimics and occur at the same time of year

30
Q

Bluffing

A

Puffing up the body to appear larger and intimidate predators

31
Q

Thanatosis

A

Playing Dead

32
Q

What is gathering in large groups called as a defense? Why does it help?

A

Behavioral Group Defense

Safety in numbers + more eyes to spot danger

33
Q

Three types of Behavioral Group Defense

A

Murmuration
Birds Mobbing
Bodyguards

34
Q

There is a hypothesis about defense advertisement in deers. What is this?

A

white tail up on deer’s and bunnies lets predator know that they’ve been seen…?

35
Q

Vigilance

A

Constantly being alert and scanning for danger

36
Q

Jacobson Organ

A

Longer snout to allows more scents to be analyzed

37
Q

Flemen

A

Exposing Jacobson Organ to air to let scents in

38
Q

What are some night active visual vigilance features?

A

larger eyes
more rods in their eyes
tapetum lucidum

39
Q

What contributes to eyeshine?

A

Tapetum Lucidum

40
Q

What does the Tapetum Lucidum do?

A

Bounces light around eye to help conserve light

41
Q

Pivoting ears are a type of ______

A

Auditory vigilance

42
Q

Eyes on the side _________.

Eyes on the front _______.

A

make the vision wide

help you hunt

BIOL 1902 - Natural History (22 decks)

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