Nutrition And Immune Function In Athletes

Question 0

Echinacea

Answer 0

May aid in the treatment of URTIs

Question 1

What is Innate immunity

Answer 1

First line of immune system defense

Question 2

NK cell is

Answer 2

Innate immune system cell

Question 3

Adaptive immunity

Answer 3

Activates lymphocyte

Question 4

Zinc deficiencies can cause?

Answer 4

Deficiency can cause lymphoid atrophy

Question 5

Glutamine is utilized by?

Answer 5

Utilized at extremely high rates by WBCs

Question 6

Colostrum is produced from?

Answer 6

Produced by a lactating cow shortly after birth

Question 7

Complement consists of?

And does?

Answer 7

Consists of proteins that stimulate neutralization of infected cells

Question 8

Describe three actions that occurred during the inflammatory response

Answer 8

Increased local blood flow to the infected area.
Increased permeability of local capillaries.
Allows entry of white blood cells and plasma proteins into infected tissue

Question 9

Macrophages first________ invading microorganisms to metabolize proteins on the surface, and then activate _____ and ______ specific for a Raticate in the infectious agent.

Answer 9

Ingest
Lymphocytes
Antibodies

Question 10

List for practices that can minimize the risk of infection during the early recovery period after exercise

Answer 10

Avoid contact with people who have symptoms of infection, minimize contact with school-age children in large crowds, wash hands regularly, particularly after touching services frequently handled by the public, avoid hand I and hand to mouth contact to prevent transferring microbes too sensitive mucosal tissues, maintain good oral hygiene, avoid getting a dry mouth during competition and at rest by drinking at regular intervals and maintaining hydration status, never shared drink bottles or cutlery, use properly treated water for consumption and swimming, avoid shared Sonos, showers, and whirlpool tub’s

Question 11

True or false?

Circulating white blood cell count’s are generally lower in athletes at rest when compared with sedentary individuals?

Answer 11

True

Question 12

List five immune system functions that can be compromised with low nutrient availability

Answer 12

Antibody production
Intercellular immunity
Capacity of phagocytes to kill bacteria
Complement formation
Lymphocyte creation

Question 13

Exercising in a CHO – depleted state can cause larger increases in circulating _____, reduced ____ availability, and ______ effects on immune function

Answer 13

Stress hormones, glutamine, greater negative

Question 14

True or false?

Fatty acids can exert FX on the immune system by altering cell membrane fluidity and reducing eicosanoid formation

Answer 14

True

Question 15

True or false?

Study show increased lymphocyte activity within the body following the ingestion of caffeine

Answer 15

True

Question 16

List three negative effects related to immune function caused by free radical ROS

Answer 16

Inhibited mobility and bactericidal activity of neutrophils
Reduced creation of lymphocytes
Inhibited NK cell activity

Question 17

_____ promotes the development of red and white blood cell count in bone marrow

Answer 17

Cobalt

Question 18

True or false?

Echinacea has been shown in research to provide modest benefits for treatment of acute URTI’s

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Describe five practical strategies that athletes should consider to minimize the risk of infection during the competitive season

Answer 19

Allow sufficient time between training sessions for recovery, avoid extremely long training sessions, avoid training monotony by ensuring variation in the day today training load, when increasing training load, do so on the hard days, when recovering from overtraining or illness, begin with very light training in build gradually, monitor and record mood, feelings of fatigue and muscle soreness during training, keep other life social and physiological stress is to a minimum, get at least six hours of sleep each night, maintain good oral hygiene by brushing teeth regularly and using mouthwash, wash hands regularly and do not share towels, increased rest as needed after travel across time zones. Eat a well-balanced diet to obtain all necessary vitamins and minerals, if dating to lose weight or if fresh fruit and vegetables are not readily available use a multivitamin supplement, ensure adequate total dietary energy, CHO and protein intake. Drink CHO sport drinks before during and after prolonged training.

Question 20

Which of the following is not a component of innate immunity?

A) skin
B) Chemical barriers
C) phagocytes
D) lymphocytes

Answer 20

D) lymphocytes

Question 21

Which of the following changes related to immune function occurred during the recovery period after exercise which can increase the risk of infection?

A) an increase in circulating WBCs
B) A decrease in cortisol production
C) an increase in plasma glutamine concentration
D) NK cell numbers and activity fall below pre-exercise levels

Answer 21

D) NK cell numbers and activity fall below pre-exercise levels

Question 22

Consuming _____ during exercise reduces stress hormones and appears to limit the degree of exercise induced Immunodepression.

A) glutamine
B) PUFAs
C) CHOs
D) Echinacea

Answer 22

C) CHOs

Question 23

In adequate protein intake to negatively impair the immune system in which of the following ways?

A) enhanced T cell lymphocyte activity
B) widespread atrophy of lymphoid tissue
C) enhanced phagocytic immune cell activity
D) increased cytokine production in activity

Answer 23

B) widespread atrophy of lymphoid tissue

Question 24

Evidence suggests that consumption of light to moderate amounts of ______ alcoholic beverages such as wine could have health benefits

A) polyphenol- rich
B) CHO rich
C) PUFA rich
D) probiotic rich

Answer 24

A) polyphenol- rich

Question 25

Deficiency of ____ can caused lymphoid atrophy, impaired lymphocyte responses to infection, decreased cytokine production, and lowered NK cell selectivity

A) zinc
B) Iron
C) copper
D) cobalt

Answer 25

A) zinc

Question 26

Which of the following dietary immunostimulants is derived from the mammary gland of the lactating cow shortly after giving birth

A) echinacea
B) B-glucans
C) bovine colostrum
D) curcumin

Answer 26

C) bovine colostrum

Question 27

Of the following statements considering probiotics, which is incorrect?

A) I can directly interact with 85% of the bodies lymph nodes
B) they can be effective in alleviating some allergic reactions and respiratory disorders in young children
C) they can help inhibit the growth and harmful effects of Immunodepressing bacteria, toxins, and carcinogens in the gut
D) they can improve the rate of recovery from viral influenza

Answer 27

D) they can improve the rate of recovery from viral influenza

Question 28

Which of the following is a vitamin considered to be essential for normal immune function

A) selenium
B) vitamin B 12
C) vitamin K
D) Iron

Answer 28

B) vitamin B 12

Question 29

Vaccinations are optimally attained during _____ And never before _____

A) The in season, sleeping
B) The off-season, competition
C) The preseason, eating
D) competition, the off-season

Answer 29

B) The off-season, competition