Nutrition Flashcards
who is most vulnerable for dehydration?
the elderly
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
energy needed at rest to maintain life-sustaining activities for a specific amount of time.
Resting energy expenditure (REE)
Amount of energy needed to consume over 24-hour period for the body to maintain internal working activities while at rest.
nutrients
energy necessary for the normal function of numerous body processes.
dietary reference intakes (DRIs)
acceptable range of quantities of vitamins and minerals for each gender and age group
Daily values
needed protein, vitamins, fats, cholesterol, carbohydrates, fiber, sodium, and potassium
What factors affect energy requirements?
age, body mass, gender, fever, starvation, mensuration, illness, injury, infection, activity level, and thyroid function
What factors affect metabolism?
illness, pregnancy, lactation, and activity level.
nutrient density
the proportion of essential nutrients to the number of kilocalories
vegetarian diet
predominantly of plant food
ovolactovegetarian
avoids meat, fish, and poultry, but eats eggs and milk
Lactovegetarian
drinks milk but avoids eggs
vegan
consumes only plant food
fruitarian
consumes fruit, nuts, honey, and olive oil (nutrient poor)
Zen macrobiotic diet
consists primarily of brown rice, other grains, and herb teas (nutrient poor)
which cancer results from a high fatty diet?
colon cancer
What biochemical unit is the main source of energy in the diet?
Carbohydrates (composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen)
why doesn’t fiber contribute calories to the diet?
because it is a polysaccharide that is not broken down by our digestive enzymes.
What biochemical unit is essential for the growth, maintenance and repair of body tissue?
protein
also provides energy
what is the most critical nutrient?
water
vitamins
organic substances present in small amounts in foods that are essential to normal metabolism; act as catalysts in biochemical reactions
minerals
inorganic elements essential to the body as catalysts in biochemical reactions
What is the primary absorption site for nutrients?
the small intestine
how does the body absorb nutrients?
by means of passive diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and pinocytosis
Where does the absorption of carbohydrates, protein, minerals, and water-soluble vitamins occur?
small intestine
What organ processes carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and water-soluble vitamins after they are absorbed in the small intestine?
the liver
approximately how much of water is absorbed in the small intestine?
85-90%
What is an example of nursing diagnoses relating to nutrition?
- risk for aspiration
- readiness for enhanced nutrition
- deficient knowledge
- impaired swallowing
- diarrhea
Goals and outcome relating to nutrition:
reflect patients physiological, therapeutic, and individualized needs
metabolism
all biochemical reactions within the cells of the body
anabolism
building of more complex biochemical substances by synthesis of nutrients
catabolism
breakdown of biochemical substances into simpler substances; occurs during physiological states of negative nitrogen balance.
What are some examples of health promotion?
- education
- early ID of potential or actual problems
- meal planning
- weight loss plans
- food safety (as food gets cold, bacteria starts to grow)
When is normal metabolism and anabolism are physiologically possible?
when the body is in positive nitrogen balance.
What are the three main processes of nutrient metabolism?
- catabolism of glycogen into glucose, carbon dioxide, and water (glycogenolysis)
- anabolism of glucose into glycogen for storage (glycogenesis)
- catabolism of amino acids and glycerol into glucose for energy (gluconeogenesis)
Where is protein stored?
in muscle mass
What is the major form of body reserve energy?
fat - stored as adipose tissue
What factors influence nutrition?
- environmental factors
- developmental needs
enteral tube feeding
a type of feeding that provides nutrients directly into the GI tract.
When is enteral tube feeding appropriate?
when patients are unable to ingest food but are still able to digest and absorb nutrients (has a functioning GI tract)
When is jejunal feeding preferred over gastric feedings?
if there is a risk for gastric reflux which leads to aspiration
What do you avoid during treatment for peptic ulcers?
- caffeine
- spicy foods
- aspirin, nonsteroidl anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
polymeric formula
milk-based, blenderized (the patent’s GI tract needs to be able to absorb whole nutrients
Modular formula
single-macronutrient (protein, glucose, polymers, or lipids)
Elemental formula
predigested nutrients (easier for partially dysfunctional GI tracts to absorb)
Specialty formulas
designed to meet specific nutritional needs in certain illnesses
What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus?
insulin and dietary restrictions
What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus?
exercise and diet therapy initially.
What are the diet guidelines for Diabetes 2?
- individualized diet
- carbohydrate consistency and monitoring
- saturated fat less than 7%
- cholesterol intake less than 200 mg/dL
- protein intake 15-20% of diet
parenteral nutrition
a form of specialized nutrition support provided intravenously
Type 1 diabetes
body produces no insulin
type 2 diagetes
body produces very little insulin
two types of carbohydrates
simple - sugars
complex - good carbs
What is the most important minerals that helps support tissue damage?
protein, vitamin C and zinc (wound care)
