Nutrition Flashcards
What is nutrition
INTAKE leads to tissue GROWTH and ENERGY
What is malnutrition
Imbalance between INTAKE and what your body NEEDS
What is metabolism
The process of CHANGING nutrients into END products for nutrition
What is the basal meabolic rate (BMR)
MIN amount of energy our bodies need
What is anabolism
CREATING
What is catabolism
Breaking DOWN
What are the 4 macronutrients
Carbs, fats, protein, water
What are micronutrients
Vitamins and minerals
What is a kilocalorie (kcal)
Interchangable with 1 carolire
How many calories in one gram of carb
4
What is the recommended intake for carbs
45-65%
What are sugars starches and fiber
carbs
What is the body’s preferred energy source
carbs
What body parts loves carbs
Brain
What are simple sugars
fructose, surcose, lactose, and glucose
What is sugar in fruit
fructose
What is table sugar
sucrose
What is the sugar in milk
lactose
What is the sugar in blood
glucose
What are complex carbs
starches, fiver, glycogen
What do legumes, bread, rice, pasta, and starchy veggies contain
complex carbs
What do you do to prevent ketosis
Make sure you eat enough carbs
What is ketosis
The body breaks down protein for energy
What is the recommended amount of fiber intake
20-35 grams
What type of fiber is in wheat, whole grains, or spinach
Insoluble
What do insoluble fibers so
Reduces constipation, hemorrhoids, and diverticular disease, DONT’ break down
What is diverticular disease
When there are pockets in your colon
What type of fiber are oats, fruits, legumes, and matamucil
soluble
What do soluble fibers do
SLOW digestion, healthy ‘HEART, lowers CHOLESTEROL, maintains blood SUGAR
What can happen with a lack of fiber
Constipation, hemorrhoids, formation of diverticula
Do you want to balance soluble and insoluble fibers
Yes
How many calories are in one gram of fat
9
What is the recommened intake of fat
20-35%
What are the functions of fat
ENERGY, INSULATION, NERVE fibers, FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
What affects cholestrol
Saturated and trans fats
What do red meats and fried foods contain
saturated and trans fat
What type of fat do you want to limit
saturated and trans fat
What type of fats are in olive oil and avocados
monounsaturated
What are the essential FAs
Omega 3 and 6
What do essential FAs do
BRAIN and blood CLOTTING
What do omega 3s do
Reduce risk of HEART disease, BRAIN developkent in children
What does salmon and tuna contain
omega 3
What type of fish oil do you want to give
Burpless
How many calories are in one gram of protein
4
What is the recommened intake of protein
15-20%
What is the role of protein
MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, HEMOGLOBIN, PROTHTROMBIN
What does hemoglobin do
The protein in RBCs that transposrt O2
What does prothrombin do
CLOTTING
What are amino acids
Building blocks of proteins, MUST be consumed
What are complete proteins
Contain all essential amino acids
What type of protein is in beans, peas, nuts, seeds, meat, fish, soybeans, veggies, and grains
incomplete
What are incomplete proteins
Lack one or more essential amino acids
What type of protein is in milk, cheese, eggs, fish meat, soybeans
Essential amino acids
What is essential for body functioning
Water
What are th functions of water
control body TEMP, ACID-BASE balance, BALANCE, TRANSPORTs waste
What % is water of the body weight
60%
What are the signs of dehydratino
headach, loss of concentration
Why are older adults at risk for dehydration
decreased thirst mechanism
What can happen with excess water intake
hyponatremia
What are the fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
Where are fat soluble vitamins stored
Liver, not excreted by kidneys
What does vitamin A do
NIGHT vision, maintains EPITHELIAL tissue function
What does vitamin D do
BONE health with calcium
What does vitamin E do
Antioxidant
What does vitamin K do
CLOTTING
What vitamin is in dark leafy greens and broccoli
K
What vitamins are in nuts and seeds, fruits, and veggies
E
What vitamins are in liver, egg yolds, dark leafy greens
A
What vitamins are in dairy, salmon and eggs
D
what does coumadin do to vitamin k
reduces clotting
What are the two types of vitamins
Water and fat souluble
Are water soluble vitamins stored in the body
No, excreted in urine
What are the water soluble vitamins
C, B
What does vitamin C do
Promoting HEALTH and COLLAGEN synthesis
How many vitmain B’s are there
8
What is folic acid
Vitamin B9
What does folic acid do
Prevents ANEMIA, important for PREGNANT women to decrease the risk of neural tube DEFECTS
What vitamins do citrus, broccoli, and potatoes contain
Vitamin C
What viatmins do dark leafy greens, and fortified grains contain
Folic acid
What does B12 need to be absorbed
Intrinsic factor
What are minerals
MICROnutrients needed for ENERGY, MUSCLE building, NEREVE conduction, blood CLOTTING, and IMMUNITY
What do antioxidants do
PROTECT from free redicals, improve IMMUNE function
What are free radicals
Byporducts from oxidize cells
What do fruits and veggies contain
Antioxidants
What is digestion
Process of breaking down food into nutrients
What does the mouth do
Releases amylase
What does the esophagus do
peristalsis to stomach
What does the stomach do
Release PEPSIN, produces IF, creates CHYME
What does the liver do
BILE production
What does the gallbladder so
STORE BILE then release in small intestin
Why do pepole without gullbladders have pain when they eat fatty foods
No stored bile which breaks down fats
What does the pancreas do
Secretes digestive enzymes
What does the small intension do
DIGEST, ABSORB, LUBRICATE
What does the large intestine do
Absorb WATER, forms FECESW
What does the rectum do
hold/expell feces
What is the current dietary guidelines for Americans from 2011
MyPlate
What are pregnate people at risk for
iron deficiency anemia
How low should mothers exclusivly breastfeed
6 months- one year
What are the benefits for the mom when she benefits
Lower risk of DM, HEART disease, and breast CANCER
What are the benefits for baby when breast feed
lower risk of INFECTIONS, OBESITY, DM
Does pregnacy increase caloric intake
yes
What does breastfeeding increase caloric needs
500
What can vitamin D deficiency lead to
Ostromalacia/riskets, ostropenia/osteoporosis
What is osteomalacia/rickets
SOFTEN of bones
What is osteopenia/osteoporosis
LOSS of bone MASS
What are the alterations to a persons nervous system with poor nutition
Decreased ALTERN?ESS,SLOWER solving, SLOWER muscle response time
What can a folate deficiency lead to
Depression, confusion, DECREASED nerve function
What can a B12 deficiency lead to
NUMBNESS, dizziness, balance issues
What can high sodium, fat, and cholesterol intake increase
Chances of atherosclerotic heart disease and stroke
What is dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing from neurological disorders
What can aspiration lead to
pneumonia
What can dysphagia lead to
high risk for aspiration
If your patient has coughing, wheezing, dyspnea, bradycardia, and hypotension what should you susecpt
Aspiration
How can nurses prevent aspiration
Follow dietary ORDERS, elevate HOB to at least 45 degrees for at least 45 MINS AFTER MEAL
If an aspiration risk pt is not eat what should their HOB be at
30 degrees
What can inadequate absorption of nutrients in the intestines lead to
WEIGHT LOSS, FATIGUE, SCURVEY (vit C, bleeding gums), ANEMIA, poor WOUND healing, neural tube DEFECTS
