Nutrients Flashcards
Maintenance vs Production
Maintenance: maintain body function without gain or loss of body weight
Production: level of nutrient intake necessary to support process beyond maintenance
What are examples of production?
a. growth
b. production of eggs, hair, or wool
c. lactation
d. work
e. reproduction
What are some examples of non-nutritive additives?
a. Antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics
b. Coloring agents, flavoring agents
c. Antioxidants
d. Dietary acidifiers
e. Mycotoxin binders
Which vitamins can be stored in tissues?
Fat-soluble
What are examples of fat-soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
What are examples of water-soluble vitamins?
Choline, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, B12, niacin
What are the major macro-minerals?
Ca, P, Na, Cl, S, Mg, K
What are the major micro-minerals?
Fe, Mn, I, Zn, Cu, Se, Mo
Can a mineral be organic?
No, but it can be bound to an organic molecule. These typically have slightly higher bioavailability than inorganic forms.
What would an inorganic source of copper be? Organic?
Inorganic - Copper Sulfate
Organic - Copper Amino Acid Chelate
What do pharmacological levels of Cu and Zn provide?
Antimicrobial properties and improved growth rates.
How much fat/lipid is added for dust control?
1%
How much fat/lipid is added or energy?
2-5%
Lipids are ____ times more energy dense than carbohydrates
2.25x
What are animal fat sources?
choice white grease, beef tallow, poultry fat
What are typical plant fat sources?
corn oil, soybean oil, canola oil, vegetable oil
Which oil is more digestible: unsaturated or saturated?
unsaturated
When fat is added to the diet, what synthesis is reduced?
de novo fatty acid synthesis
What are structural carbohydrates?
- Cellulose
- Hemicellulose
- Lignin
What are non-structural carbohydrates?
- Starch
- Sugars
What are the starches?
Amylose and Amylopectin
What is amylose?
A linear chain of glycose molecules connected via a-1,4 glycosidic bonds
What is amylopectin?
Branched chains of glucose molecules connected through a-1,4 and a-1,6 glycosidic bonds
What is cellulose?
A linear chain of glucose molecules linked via B-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Not easily digested by non-ruminants
What are the 10 essential amino acids for swine?
- Phe
- Val
- Thr
- Trp
- Ile
- Met
- His
- Arg
- Lys
- Leu
What can methionine be converted into?
Cystine
What can phenylalanine be converted into?
Tyrosine
What is the limiting amino acid for pigs?
Lysine
What is the limiting amino acid for cattle?
Lysine, methionine
What is the limiting amino acid for poultry?
methionine
What are functions of amino acids?
protection, enzymes, hormones, transport
What are the Dangers of Water Loss? (1%)
impairs thermoregulation
What are the Dangers of Water Loss? (3%)
Dry mouth
What are the Dangers of Water Loss? (5%)
difficulty concentrating, headache, sleepiness
What are the Dangers of Water Loss? (10%)
disturbances of body function, life threatening
What are the Dangers of Water Loss? (20%)
death
What is pinocytosis?
Process where nutrients are engulfed through vesicle formation
What are the different methods that nutrients are absorbed from the lumen into the blood?
- Passive transport
- Active Transport
- Pinocytosis
