Nutrients Flashcards by Cynthia Vazquez

Maintenance vs Production

Maintenance: maintain body function without gain or loss of body weight
Production: level of nutrient intake necessary to support process beyond maintenance

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What are examples of production?

a. growth
b. production of eggs, hair, or wool
c. lactation
d. work
e. reproduction

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What are some examples of non-nutritive additives?

a. Antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics
b. Coloring agents, flavoring agents
c. Antioxidants
d. Dietary acidifiers
e. Mycotoxin binders

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Which vitamins can be stored in tissues?

Fat-soluble

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What are examples of fat-soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K

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What are examples of water-soluble vitamins?

Choline, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, B12, niacin

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What are the major macro-minerals?

Ca, P, Na, Cl, S, Mg, K

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What are the major micro-minerals?

Fe, Mn, I, Zn, Cu, Se, Mo

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Can a mineral be organic?

No, but it can be bound to an organic molecule. These typically have slightly higher bioavailability than inorganic forms.

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What would an inorganic source of copper be? Organic?

Inorganic - Copper Sulfate
Organic - Copper Amino Acid Chelate

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What do pharmacological levels of Cu and Zn provide?

Antimicrobial properties and improved growth rates.

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How much fat/lipid is added for dust control?

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How much fat/lipid is added or energy?

2-5%

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Lipids are ____ times more energy dense than carbohydrates

2.25x

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What are animal fat sources?

choice white grease, beef tallow, poultry fat

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What are typical plant fat sources?

corn oil, soybean oil, canola oil, vegetable oil

Which oil is more digestible: unsaturated or saturated?

unsaturated

When fat is added to the diet, what synthesis is reduced?

de novo fatty acid synthesis

What are structural carbohydrates?

Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin

What are non-structural carbohydrates?

Starch
Sugars

What are the starches?

Amylose and Amylopectin

What is amylose?

A linear chain of glycose molecules connected via a-1,4 glycosidic bonds

What is amylopectin?

Branched chains of glucose molecules connected through a-1,4 and a-1,6 glycosidic bonds

What is cellulose?

A linear chain of glucose molecules linked via B-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Not easily digested by non-ruminants

What are the 10 essential amino acids for swine?

1. Phe 2. Val 3. Thr 4. Trp 5. Ile 6. Met 7. His 8. Arg 9. Lys 10. Leu

What can methionine be converted into?

Cystine

What can phenylalanine be converted into?

Tyrosine

What is the limiting amino acid for pigs?

Lysine

What is the limiting amino acid for cattle?

Lysine, methionine

What is the limiting amino acid for poultry?

methionine

What are functions of amino acids?

protection, enzymes, hormones, transport

What are the Dangers of Water Loss? (1%)

impairs thermoregulation

What are the Dangers of Water Loss? (3%)

Dry mouth

What are the Dangers of Water Loss? (5%)

difficulty concentrating, headache, sleepiness

What are the Dangers of Water Loss? (10%)

disturbances of body function, life threatening

What are the Dangers of Water Loss? (20%)

death

What is pinocytosis?

Process where nutrients are engulfed through vesicle formation

What are the different methods that nutrients are absorbed from the lumen into the blood?

1. Passive transport 2. Active Transport 3. Pinocytosis