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Biology 2 > Nucleotides > Flashcards

Nucleotides Flashcards

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1
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Nucleotides are biological molecules that are used in almost all biochemical reactions

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2
Q

What is a nucleotide made of?

A

Phosphate, nitrogenous base and pentose sugar

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3
Q

Is DNA a double or single helix structure? ——-

A

Double

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4
Q

Is RNA a double or single helix structure?

A

Single

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5
Q

What is the monomer for DNA and RNA?

A

Nucleotides

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6
Q

What are nucleotides used for?

A

Monomers for DNA and RNA
Regulate metabolic pathways
Component of enzymes like NADP on respiration, NAD and FAD and conenzyme A used in respiration

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7
Q

Where is the DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus wrapped in histone proteins

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8
Q

Where is the DNA in a prokaryotic cell?

A

‘Naked’ in the cytoplasm or in loops

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9
Q

What is DNA?

A

It is the genetic material containing coded information for the synthesis of proteins

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of bases?

A

pyrimidines

purines

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11
Q

What is the difference between pyrimidines and purines?

A

pyrimidines are a single ring structure

purines are a double ring structure

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12
Q

Which bases are purines?

A

Adenine

Guanine

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13
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines?

A

Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil - in RNA

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14
Q

How do 2 nucleotides join?

A

The sugar and phosphate group join at either the sugars 3rd or 5th carbon with a sugar phosphate or phosphodiester bond.
It is a covalent bond.

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15
Q

What shape does DNA make?

A

A double helix that runs anti-parallel from each other

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16
Q

What is the complementary base pair for adenine in DNA?

A

Thymine

17
Q

What is the complementary base pair for guanine?

A

Cytosine

18
Q

What is the complementary base pair for adenine in RNA?

A

Uracil

19
Q

What holds the 2 helixes together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

20
Q

How many H bonds do adenine and thymine make?

A

2

21
Q

How many H bonds do guanine and cytosine make?

A

3

22
Q

Other than the nucleus where else it their DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

A

The mitochondria and chloroplasts

23
Q

What are the 2 strands called?

A

Leading or lagging strand

24
Q

What does a 3” strand mean? ——

A

The phosphate is bonded to the 3rd carbon

25
Q

What does a 5” strand mean?

A

The phosphate is bonded to the 5th carbon

26
Q

What enzyme unwinds DNA?

A

gyrase

27
Q

What enzyme unzips DNA?

A

DNA helicase

28
Q

What happens when the DNA unzips?

A

The hydrogen bonds break between the nucleotides, leaving them exposed, so that free phosphorylated nucleotides can bond with their complementary base parings.

29
Q

What happens on the leading strand?

A

RNA is placed at the end and then DNA polymerase catalyses the addition of the new nucleotides, going in the 5 to 3 direction, on the leading strand

30
Q

What happens on the lagging strand?

A

Because DNA polymerase only goes in from 5 to 3 the RNA polymerase is added at multiple places on the strand, so it adds onto the strand at multiple intervals

31
Q

How do the individual nucleotides and sugars join to each other?

A

The nucleotides releases phosphate group and energy to make the phosphodiester bond between the sugar and phosphate group

32
Q

Which is the lagging strand?

A

3” - 5”

33
Q

Which is the leading strand?

A

5” - 3”

34
Q

What is conservative replication?

A

When the DNA double helix is copied as a whole to make 1 new and 2 parental DNA molecule

35
Q

What is semi - conservative replication?

A

When the DNA strand unzips and 2 hybrid DNA strands are made

36
Q

How does DNA replicate in prokaryotes?

A

A bubble sprouts from the loop, which unwinds and unzips the complementary nucleotides join to the exposed nucleotides until it is all copied

Biology 2 (31 decks)

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