Nucleotides

Question 1

What are nucleotides?

Answer 1

Nucleotides are biological molecules that are used in almost all biochemical reactions

Question 2

What is a nucleotide made of?

Answer 2

Phosphate, nitrogenous base and pentose sugar

Question 3

Is DNA a double or single helix structure? ——-

Answer 3

Double

Question 4

Is RNA a double or single helix structure?

Answer 4

Single

Question 5

What is the monomer for DNA and RNA?

Answer 5

Nucleotides

Question 6

What are nucleotides used for?

Answer 6

Monomers for DNA and RNA
Regulate metabolic pathways
Component of enzymes like NADP on respiration, NAD and FAD and conenzyme A used in respiration

Question 7

Where is the DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 7

Nucleus wrapped in histone proteins

Question 8

Where is the DNA in a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 8

‘Naked’ in the cytoplasm or in loops

Question 9

What is DNA?

Answer 9

It is the genetic material containing coded information for the synthesis of proteins

Question 10

What are the 2 types of bases?

Answer 10

pyrimidines

purines

Question 11

What is the difference between pyrimidines and purines?

Answer 11

pyrimidines are a single ring structure

purines are a double ring structure

Question 12

Which bases are purines?

Answer 12

Adenine

Guanine

Question 13

Which bases are pyrimidines?

Answer 13

Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil - in RNA

Question 14

How do 2 nucleotides join?

Answer 14

The sugar and phosphate group join at either the sugars 3rd or 5th carbon with a sugar phosphate or phosphodiester bond.
It is a covalent bond.

Question 15

What shape does DNA make?

Answer 15

A double helix that runs anti-parallel from each other

Question 16

What is the complementary base pair for adenine in DNA?

Answer 16

Thymine

Question 17

What is the complementary base pair for guanine?

Answer 17

Cytosine

Question 18

What is the complementary base pair for adenine in RNA?

Answer 18

Uracil

Question 19

What holds the 2 helixes together?

Answer 19

Hydrogen bonds

Question 20

How many H bonds do adenine and thymine make?

Answer 20

2

Question 21

How many H bonds do guanine and cytosine make?

Answer 21

3

Question 22

Other than the nucleus where else it their DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 22

The mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 23

What are the 2 strands called?

Answer 23

Leading or lagging strand

Question 24

What does a 3” strand mean? ——

Answer 24

The phosphate is bonded to the 3rd carbon

Question 25

What does a 5” strand mean?

Answer 25

The phosphate is bonded to the 5th carbon

Question 26

What enzyme unwinds DNA?

Answer 26

gyrase

Question 27

What enzyme unzips DNA?

Answer 27

DNA helicase

Question 28

What happens when the DNA unzips?

Answer 28

The hydrogen bonds break between the nucleotides, leaving them exposed, so that free phosphorylated nucleotides can bond with their complementary base parings.

Question 29

What happens on the leading strand?

Answer 29

RNA is placed at the end and then DNA polymerase catalyses the addition of the new nucleotides, going in the 5 to 3 direction, on the leading strand

Question 30

What happens on the lagging strand?

Answer 30

Because DNA polymerase only goes in from 5 to 3 the RNA polymerase is added at multiple places on the strand, so it adds onto the strand at multiple intervals

Question 31

How do the individual nucleotides and sugars join to each other?

Answer 31

The nucleotides releases phosphate group and energy to make the phosphodiester bond between the sugar and phosphate group

Question 32

Which is the lagging strand?

Answer 32

3" - 5"

Question 33

Which is the leading strand?

Answer 33

5" - 3"

Question 34

What is conservative replication?

Answer 34

When the DNA double helix is copied as a whole to make 1 new and 2 parental DNA molecule

Question 35

What is semi - conservative replication?

Answer 35

When the DNA strand unzips and 2 hybrid DNA strands are made

Question 36

How does DNA replicate in prokaryotes?

Answer 36

A bubble sprouts from the loop, which unwinds and unzips the complementary nucleotides join to the exposed nucleotides until it is all copied