NSTM Chapter 541, Ship Fuel and Fuel Systems Flashcards
F-76 was previously known as ___
DFM
The only aviation jet fuel authorized to be carried by fleet oilers and used aboard navy ships
JP-5
Handles ship fuel from the time it is received aboard the ship until it is consumed by propulsion and auxiliary equipment
Fuel system
Provides fuel to propulsion equipment such as boilers, diesel engines, and gas turbines, as well as to auxiliary equipment
Service system
Ships with more than one propulsion space usually have a ___ fuel system
Separate
Usually at least ___ service pump and ___ service tanks serve each propulsion service system
2
2
How many service tanks are used at one time?
One
Takes suction from any storage tank or contaminated oil settling tank and delivers fuel, usually through filtration equipment, to a service tank
Fuel transfer pump
Draws contaminated liquid from the tank bottoms and delivers it to a COST
Stripping pump
COST
Contaminated Oil Settling Tank
___ ships with ____ have no separate stripping systems
Gas turbine
Seawater-compensated storage tanks
Most significant hazards of fuel
Flammability
Toxicity
Pressure
Enhance ship’s stability and trim by ___
Keeping fuel properly distributed among storage tanks
Minimizing the number of partially fill uncompensated tanks, to reduce free surface
Ballasting storage tanks when necessary
Fuel system operations that affect stability include ___
Fueling, transferring, ballasting, and deballasting
Onboard provisions for cleaning fuel
Storage tank stripping Transfer system filtration Service tank stripping Service tank recirculation Service system filtration
Service system filtration. Steam ships typically use a ___; diesel engine ships use ___; and gas turbine ships use ____
Strainer
Filter attached to the engine
Filter/separator
Remove free water as well as fine particles
Filter/separator
Many gas turbine ships have a ___ upstream of the filter/separator
Pre-filter
Transferring fuel from one underway ship to another underway ship
Fueling at sea
Lowest temperature at which the fuel gives off enough vapor to form a mixture with the air that is capable of being ignited by any ignition source
Flashpoint
___ are hazards of fuel below the flashpoint
Wicking and mist formation
Lowest temperature at which the fuel will ignite in air without a spark or flame
Autoignition temperature
Autoignition temperature is also called ___
Autogenous ignition temperature
AIT
Autoignition Temperature
AITs as low as ___ have been measured for F-76 and JP-5
450F (232C)
Surfaces hotter than ___ generally are required to be insulated to protect personnel
125F (52C)
Every effort shall be made to prevent fuel from dripping or spraying onto any hot surface of ___ or higher
400F (204C)
When fuel is drawn onto an absorbent solid material that can be ignited locally
Wicking
Fuel soaked clothing can be a hazard for ___
Days
How shipboard fuel fires start
Fuel leaks
Fuel spray
Fuel accumulation
Any unintended release of fuel
Fuel leak
Most dangerous kind of fuel leak
Fuel spray
How to prevent shipboard fuel fires
Separation
Good maintenance
Basic principle of preventing shipboard fuel fires
Keep fuel and ignition sources away from each other
When looking for fuel sprays, pay particular attention to ___
Piping and joints near hot surfaces
Do not paint nonferrous and corrosion resistant steel piping and valves in ____ areas
Nonbilge
Inspections of fuel tanks for leakage should include ___
Manhole covers and external sounding tubes
Soft patches on fuel piping shall be reported by ___
Departure From Specifications (DFS) request
When assembling fuel system joints, always use ___
New gaskets
The presence of fuels in the bilge can be detected by ___
Spreading a thin coat of water indicating paste on one side of a metal rod, and fuel indicating paste on the other side
Pump oily waste from bilges using the ___
Oily waste transfer system
Do not light off boilers, diesel engines, or gas turbines when oily waste is ___
In the bilges or on nearby deck plates
When boilers are secured and will not be lit off within ___, drain fuel from the torch pots
24 hours
The lighting-off torch pot shall be ___ in front of each boiler
Welded or bolted to a structural member of the deckplating
Fuel on deck place is a ___ hazard
Fire and slipping
Detect flammable gases and vapors
Combustible gas indicators
Fuel tanks are considered ___
IDLH
No person shall enter a tank known or suspected to contain fuel or fuel vapors at any time without first having received permission to enter such a tank from the ___
CO
Before granting permission to enter a tank that may contain fuel or fuel vapors, the CO shall ___
Ensure safety precautions and instructions in NSTM Chapter 074, Volume 3 are carried out and that personnel supervising the entry are familiar with these instructions and precautions
Make no repairs involving hot work near fuel tanks and piping without a ___
Hot work permit
Avoid using ___ lights near fuel tanks or during repairs in engineering spaces that have not been declared gas free
Portable electric
When portable electric lights must be used near fuel tanks or during repairs in engineering spaces that have not been declared gas free, fit them with ___
Explosion proof enclosures and heavy wire guards, and test them for complete insulation
Required for sounding tubes that terminate in hazardous areas
Sounding tube floating-ball check valves
Prevents fuel from spilling from the sounding tube if the tank is overfilled while the sounding tube is open
Sounding tube floating-ball check valves
Required for flanged connections in locations identified in NSTM Chapter 505
Flange spray shields
Prevent fires caused by poor joint assembly, gasket failure, or improper torquing of fasteners
Flange spray shields
Capture any fuel spray from the joint and cause it to drip or dribble to a safe location instead of spraying onto nearby hot surfaces
Flange spray shields
Emergency cutout valves are required for ___
Casualty control
Provide various ways to quickly shut off the fuel flow in the service system, either locally or outside the space
Emergency cutout valves
Required for motor-driven fuel service pumps
Service pump remote shutdown pushbuttons
Service pump remote shutdown pushbuttons are located ___
Outside the space for casualty control
Required for all service system strainer, filter/separator, and pre-filter covers
Integral cover fuel spray deflectors
Direct any fuel that leaks past the cover gasket or o-ring downward, where it is less likely to strike a hot surface
Integral cover fuel spray deflectors
All sampling and vent connections inside the ship shall discharge ___
Downward into a funnel
Sampling and vent connection funnels shall direct the fuel to ___
Oily water drain collecting system
__ shall be provided over any hot surfaces under the sampling and vent connection funnels
Spray shields
Provided at all sampling connections
Sampling connection cutout valves
Boiler front connections have been provided with ___
Two cutout valves in series
Fuel sampling connections shall not have ___
End caps
Why should fuel sampling connections not have end caps?
Pressure can build under the end cap if the sample valve leaks, causing a momentary fuel spray when the cap is removed
___ shall replace old-style rubber lined butterfly valves in fuel systems whenever possible
High-performance butterfly valves
Provided in air escapes of fuel tanks to retard flashback if the system is accidentally exposed to an ignition source
Vent/flash screens
____ has replaced the Firesafe F/O Strainer (FSFOS) for purposes of simplicity
Hellan Simplex Strainer
___ Strainer is equipped with a hand wheel that allows the operator to turn the integral basket element against a stationary scraper blade in order to remove accumulated sediment on the exterior of the strainer basket element. The sediment is then flushed to a drain line
Hellan Simplex
Hold fuel as it is loaded onto the ship, before it is cleaned for use by propulsion and auxiliary equipment
Fuel storage tanks
The three kinds of fuel storage tanks differ in the way ___
Seawater ballasting is related to fuel storage and ship stability
Three kinds of fuel storage tanks
Separate fuel tanks and ballast tanks
Fuel or ballast tanks
Seawater-compensated fuel tanks
Incorrect handling of the fuel also affects operating fuel economy if storage distribution causes ___
Drag in excess of intended trim
__ is responsible for the ship’s loading and ballasting
Damage Control Officer
Fuel storage and ballasting methods apply only to fuel ___, never introduce seawater into fuel ___
Storage tanks
Service tanks
Rated capacity of a fuel storage tank that is not sea-water compensated is ___
95% of its total capacity
The remaining 5% in a fuel storage tank rated capacity is reserved to ___
Allow the fuel to expand
Do not fill uncompensated fuel tanks, not designated as an overflow tank, to more than ___ of capacity in port or at sea
95%
Do not fill uncompensated overflow tanks above ___ of capacity at sea, or ___ in port
95%
80%
In this system fuel storage tanks and seawater ballast tanks are completely separate
Separate fuel tanks and ballast tanks
Ballast seawater form separate ballast tanks that never contain fuel can be discharged within ___ because the ballast seawater ___
Prohibited zones
Contains no fuel
Primarily separate fuel and ballast system, but if the fuel load falls below a certain point and additional ballast is required, designated fuel tanks may be ballasted with seawater
Modified clean ballast system
This system has no separate seawater ballast tanks
Fuel or ballast tanks
In a fuel or ballast tank system, the ballast seawater is introduced by the ___ through separate tailpipes and is removed by the ___
Firemain
Main drain eductors and the stripping pumps
Never ballast a fuel tank until ___
It is completely empty of fuel
Ballast seawater in a fuel tank is considered ___
Oily waste
To avoid drawing silt or other contaminants into the tank, do not utilize ___ as ballast seawater in any fuel tank
Harbor water
Ballasted fuel tanks whose tops are above the transfer system manifold have a ____ between the tank bulkhead isolation valve and the manifold
Pipeline sample connection
If seawater is detected in the fuel transfer system, take samples from the sample connections at all ballasted tanks. If any sample contains seawater, then ____
The isolation valve at that tank is probably leaking
____ fuel storage tanks are always completely full of liquid
Seawater-compensated
Ballast seawater enters tanks as fuel is removed, and is displaced overboard as fuel is added
Seawater compensated fuel storage tanks
The fuel and the seawater tend to remain separate because of ___
Differing specific gravities
The types of fuels used onboard naval vessels are ___ than seawater
Lighter
Storage tanks are connected in ___
Banks
In an tank bank, the transfer system is connected to the top of the ___
First tank
The first tank in the bank is called the ___
Receiving tank
The ___ of each tank in the bank is connected to the ___ of the next tank through a ____
Bottom
Top
Sluice pipe
The bottom of the last tank in the bank is connected to the top of the ____
Expansion tank
The overflow piping runs from the bottom of the ____ up to ___
Expansion tank
Overboard discharge connection and an overflow
The ____ in the overflow piping keeps the liquid in the storage tanks under pressure
Seawater standing
On ships with stripping tanks, personnel shall check ____ prior to filling
Stripping tank sight glass
The transfer system draws fuel from ___
The top of the receiving tank
___ is discharged when fuel is added to a tank bank
Seawater
Butterfly valves with holes drilled through the disc. In the closed position these valves limit the flow of fuel into each tank to approximately 400 gal/min
Inport refueling valves
Do not use ___ to blow seawater from compensated tanks
Air pressure
In a tank bank, pump out the ___ first, because it is always ____
Expansion tank
Higher than the other tanks
Fill the last fuel tank in a compensated tank bank to only ___ when in port and ___ when at sea
80%
95%
Tanks that overflow directly overboard shall have __
High level alarms
Avoid refueling or transferring fuel at ___
Night
Purifier pumps have a ___ flow capacity than transfer pumps
Lower
Use the ___ pump for transfer between storage tanks and for defueling
Transfer
Use the ____ pump for transfer from a storage tank to a service tank
Purifier
Smaller ships have a deck connection designed for a __ hose, capable of passing ____
2-1/2 inch
200 to 250 gpm
To minimize system resistance and thus maximize filling rate, align the transfer system to ___
Fill as many tanks at once as possible
As each tank approaches full ___
Throttle the flow into the tank
___ each tank before fueling
Check the level
Check tanks by ____ rather than with ___
Sounding
TLIs
When the tank is first being filled, take soundings every ___
3 or 4 minutes
After the tank reaches ____, take soundings continuously until full
3/4 full
____ after each sounding to minimize the fuel vapors entering the space and to prevent a fuel spill if the tank overflows
Replace the sounding tube cap
Reasons to consolidate fuel
Move weight for list and trim
Reduce free surface
Speed up fueling
On ships with seawater-compensated tanks, remove the fuel ___
Evenly
Do what to the tanks before transferring fuel
Sample and strip
Some transfers between uncompensated tanks can be accomplished by gravity if ___
The liquid level of the supply tank is higher than the liquid level of the receiving tank
If the ship has multiple transfer pumps, use the pump ___
Closest to the supply tank to minimize suction requirements
Before starting the transfer pump, perform ___
System operational integrity test
Steam ships have strainers in their ___
Service tank fill lines
Ships with purifiers have ____ upstream of the purifiers to reduce the viscosity of F-76 for optimum purifier operation and to prevent fuel from ___
Fuel heaters
Waxing
Because of JP-5’s overall characteristically lower viscosity and freeze point (cloud point for F-76) at any given temperature compared to F-76, it is not necessary to ___ JP-5
Heat
If heating is not required, route the fuel through a ____
Heater bypass valve
Heater installations include ___
High-temperature alarms and relief valves
Fill service tanks as soon as ___
Suction has been switched to the standby service tank
Do not fill a service tank that is ___
Being used to supply fuel to the service system
Conduct all transfer operations according to the ship’s ___
EOSS procedures
This test provides a quick check on system alignment, to verify that fuel is not being delivered to an unintended destination
System preoperational integrity test
Run this test during the startup of transfer operations for ships with strainers or filters
System preoperational integrity test
Do not accomplish the system preoperation integrity test with alignments that pass fuel through ____, because ____
Purifiers
The high back pressure will impede the proper fuel flow through the purifier
Primary purpose of the system preoperational integrity test
Detect misalignments
The system is correctly aligned if the pressure ___
Approaches its rated maximum
If the pump discharge pressure never approaches its rated maximum, even with the receiving tank inlet valve closed, then three possibilities are ___
Unintended open valve
Pump relief valve that has failed in the open position
Major system leak
If system flow cannot be established within ___ after the pump is started, stop the pump
1 minute
If the strainer was cleaned since the last time is was pressurized, the strainer shall be ___ before the system preoperational integrity test is completed
Pressure tested for leaks
Stop the pump when the service tank is ___ full
95%
Log the differential pressure readings across the filter/separator in the ___
Fuel transfer log
The transfer system is aligned to recirculate fuel back to the suction side of the transfer/purifier pump via a three-way inlet valve to allow the purifier and heater to ___
Reach steady-state operation
If the purifier fails to start, allow it to ___ before trying to restart it
Coast to a complete stop
To avoid overheating, ___ before power is applied or steam is admitted to the heater
Fuel must be flowing through the heater
The bowl of the self-cleaning purifier is periodically cleaned by a ___
Shoot cycle
In a shoot cycle, the diverter valve upstream of the purifer redirects fuel flow ____ instead of into the purifier, and the purifier ____
Back to the pump suction
Discharges solid contaminants from the bowl
All fuel vents and drains are directed to the ___
Oily water drain collecting system
Vents often terminate at ___
Drip pans
Provides fuel from the service tanks to the ship’s propulsion and other equipment
Fuel service system
EOSS
Engineering Operational Sequencing System
Fueling operations shall always be conducted according to the ___
Ship’s EOSS procedures
Piping arrangements for returning unneeded fuel to the service tanks depends on whether ___
Pumps are motor driven or turbine driven
If the service pumps are driven by motors, a ___ controls the amount of fuel returned to the service tank on suction
Pressure regulating valve
The pressure regulating valve in a motor driven service pump is called ___
Unloading valve
Maintains a constant pressure downstream of the pump
Unloading valve
Fuel must be returned to the service tank because motor-driven service pumps move a ___
Constant flow
If the service pumps are turbine-driven, the ___ adjusts pump speed to maintain a constant fuel discharge pressure
Turbine constant-pressure governor
Use the online tank until it is ___ full, then put the standby tank online
50%
Before putting a service tank online
Test the fuel
When the service tank in use is changed, fill the new standby tank ___
As soon as possible
Stops fuel flow into the system from the service tank
Service tank suction cutout valves
Surest way to stop a leak anywhere in the system
Close or trip the service tank suction emergency cut out valve
Steam ship service pumps are driven by either __
Steam turbines or electric motors
How many pumps are provided in each space on a steam ship?
2
Service pump turbine governors adjust steam flow to maintain a ___
Constant fuel pressure downstream of the pump
If the main service pumps are turbine driven, an ___ is usually included
Electric inport service pump of lower flow capacity
___ is intended to supply fuel to a boiler while inport or for lighting off the first boiler in a space
Inport pump
___ are used to clean the fuel in steam ship service systems
Simplex or duplex filters
___ configuration allows for switching flow from a dirty basket to a clean basket, without interrupting the flow of fuel to the boiler
Duplex
Utilize a simplistic design using a hand wheel to rotate the basket element against a stationary scraper blade to remove accumulated sediment contaminants
Simplex strainer
Discharge pressures from motor driven service pumps are controlled by the ___
Unloading valve
Discharge pressures from turbine driven service pumps are controlled by the ____
Turbine constant pressure governor
The turbine constant pressure governor senses ___
Pressure in the fuel line downstream of the pump
Service pump discharge pressures are typically ___
350 lb/1in² to 430 lb/in²
Pressure in the boiler manifold is controlled by the ___
Boiler fuel control valve
Pressure in the boiler fuel manifold is always ___ to the service pump discharge pressure
Less than or equal
Many diesel engine return lines include coolers that cool the fuel to approximately ___
110F (43C)
Excessively warm fuel will ___
Not cool the injectors effectively and could begin vaporizing in the engine fuel system before reaching the injectors
Engines with no coolers in the return lines have ___
Sufficiently long lines and large service tanks to prevent fuel from becoming too warm
If an engine has to be serviced while other engines in the space are operating, ___
Isolate the fuel lines to and from the engine being maintained
Service tanks are located so that fuel pump inlets are ___
Flooded when the tanks are full
If the diesel engine is for an emergency generator, the engine systems should be aligned for ___
Automatic starting
In gas turbine ship service systems, the pumps act as ____
Booster pumps
Gas turbines have their own attached fuel pumps that ___
Increase the fuel pressure to that needed for the combustors
Service pump discharge pressures in a gas turbine are typically ___
55 psig
Overall coordination and control for gas turbines emanates from the ___
Central control station
Start the service pump at ___
Slow speed
The ___ fills the service tanks
Transfer system
The service tanks are considered part of the ___ system
Service
In an emergency, service pumps on steam and gas turbine ships can take suction directly from the ___, usually through the ___
Storage tanks
Transfer system main
The connection to the transfer system for drawing fuel directly from storage tanks is usually ___
Locked closed
Removes water and sediment from the bottoms of fuel tanks
Fuel stripping system
Contaminated fuel in tanks or service system piping is usually stripped to the ____
Contaminated oil settling tank
Lowest tailpipes in a tank
Stripping tailpipes
Stripping tailpipes are ___ from the lowest point in the tank
3/4”
In configurations where two-speed dual purpose, transfer/stripping pumps are used, a ____ is installed on the tank bottom directly beneath the tailpipe terminus
Doubler plate
Two reasons to pump contaminated fuel to the COST
Avoiding pollution
Reclaiming fuel
Leave contaminated fuel in the COST for ___
As long as possible
Keep bilge fluid or any other fluid that may contain ____ other than the ship’s fuel from entering the COST
Hydrocarbons
___ storage tanks do not a low-point stripping tailpipes
Seawater-compensated
The pressure boundary of an operating fuel system shall not be broken except for ___
Extraordinary situations
The ___ permission is usually required for single-valve isolation of a pressurized fuel system
COs
If the pressure boundary of the system has been opened and then closed, a ___ is often required on the affected portion of the system
Hydrostatic test
Verifies that the system is not leaking and is capable of holding and maintaining pressure
Hydrostatic test
When conducting a hydrostatic test on a fuel system, be prepared to ___
Fight a bravo fire
Tightness test option for a reduced energy system is for systems operating at ___
200 psig or less and 200*F or less
If possible, perform the operational pressure test when the space is at ___
Cold iron
___ piping systems may require more flushing than stainless or copper-nickel systems
Carbon steel
___ will be used as the flushing fluid
F-76 or JP-5
If system pumps are to be used to circulate the flushing fluid, install __ to protect the pumps
Temporary suction strainers
During flushing, periodically ___ the system piping, especially near welded joints, by ___
Vibrate
Striking it with a wooden mallet or equivalent means
Flush the system for a minimum of ___ or until ___
24 hours
The muslin or nylon bags in the strainers show no appreciable contamination for two consecutive hours
When flushing is completed, transfer the flushing fluid to ___ or ___
COST
Empty storage tank
The flushing fluid shall discharge into the tank through a strainer having ___ openings
4-mil
Flushing is generally not required for ____
Stripping systems
Fuel systems take suction from tanks and discharge into tanks through ___
Tailpipes
Fuel tanks are coated to ___
Prevent corrosion
Provides an escape path for fuel so the tank does not rupture if it is overfilled
Overflow pipe
Thanks that overflow directly overboard have ____
High-level alarms
Overflow tanks have overflow pipes that ___
Discharge overboard
When overflow pipes from individual tanks are combined, a ___ is installed in the line from each tank
Check valve
Overflow pipes that discharge overboard have check valves to prevent ___
Water from entering the tanks through the overflow line
This tank overflow configuration contains no valves, is calculated to a specific pipe size, and routed to a height such that the static pressure head will force fuel into all fuel tanks of a particular group before overflowing
Standpipe
Run from the topmost points of fuel tanks to the weather decks
Vent pipes
Allow air to exit and enter as non-compensated tanks are filled and emptied, and as fuel expands and contracts with temperature changes
Vent pipes
The vent/flash screen in vent pipes have an inner ___ and an outer wire screen of either ___ or ___ mesh
40-mesh wire screen
1/4”
1/2”
___ vent/air escape screens after painting has been done near the vent/air escape terminal
Inspect
Compensated tanks have valve vent connections on top of each tank, for the purpose of ___
Releasing trapped air while tanks are filling with water following tank cleaning
Used for determining fuel or water level and for taking fuel samples
Sounding tubes
Sounding tubes are not installed in ___ tanks because the tanks are ____
Compensated
Under pressure
___ inch holes are drilled through fuel tank sounding tubes approximately every ___ along the length, to ensure ___
1/2”
6”
Samples taken from the sounding tube are representative of the fuel in the tank
Sounding tubes are closed by ___
A cap that screws onto the top of the tube
___ are installed at the terminals of sounding tubes that terminate below the full-load water line and serve tanks having at least one boundary exposed to the sea
Gate valves
Floating ball check valves are required in F-76, JP-5, and oily waste sounding tubes that terminate in the following locations ___
- Main and aux machinery spaces
- Spaces containing diesel-driven or turbine driven generators or pumps, oil-fired boilers, or incinerators
- Spaces dedicated to electrical or electronic equipment
- Spaces with carpeted decks
Tanks do not require sounding tube floating ball check valves if the tank is filled only through a ___ and the highest point of the tank overflow is ___
Funnel drain
Below the top of the sounding tube
Floating ball check valves are not required in living spaces or passageways without ___
Carpeted decks
Determining the level of liquid in a tank by using a sounding tube
Sounding the tank
The level of liquid on a sounding tape can be more easily determined by ___
Applying a thin coast of fuel-indicating paste
If no fuel indicating paste is available, a thin coat of ___ can be used as well
Lubricating oil
Another way to determine fuel level is to drill holes ___ about every ___ along the length of the sounding tape
1/8” or smaller
Inch
After determining the fuel level by sounding the tank, the volume of fuel can be calculated from the ____
Ship’s tank sounding tables
Show the volume or weight of fuel in tanks
TLI systems
Three basic types of remote reading, level indicating systems are used in fuel tanks
Static head type and two electric types
Magnetic float sensing techniques
Sounding tube pulse radar
Magnetic float level-indicating systems in tanks that overflow directly overboard have ___
Integral high-level alarms
The high-level alarms sound when the tank has reached between ___ of its total capacity
95 - 98%
The alarm point is intended to provide about a ___ minute warning that the tank will overflow unless tank filling is stopped immediately
2
___ warns operators that suction will soon be lost but gives them adequate time to switch to the other service tank
Low-level alarms
Service tanks are normally drawn down only to ___ of capacity
50%
In compensated tanks the magnetic float is designed to float in ___ but sink in ___, so it floats at the ___
Seawater
Fuel
Fuel/water interface
In a compensated tank the operation of the transmitter is ___
Reversed
Tank level indicators in compensated fuel tanks and fuel tanks that can be ballasted are coated with ___
Epoxy
The epoxy coating prevents the indicator from ___
Fouling
Keep cutout valves on direct reading sight glasses ___ except when ___ to prevent ____
Closed
Taking readings
Fuel leakage if the sight glass is broken
Vertical glass tube outside of a fuel tank that is piped into the tank at the top and bottom
Direct reading sight glass
___ is required at each tank cautioning personnel to keep the sight glass cutout valves ____
Instruction plate
Closed except when taking readings
The magnet in the float raises small flags outside of the pipe to indicate the fuel level
Indirect reading sight glass
Determines where the fuel/water interface is in the COST
Cleavage indicating system
Hand pump takes suction from different heights in the tank to a sight glass to visually determine whether it is fuel or water in the COST
Cleavage indicating system
Always use a ___ when reinstalling a tank access cover
New gasket
Gaskets for fuel tank access covers shall be ___ thick and shall be of the material specified in SAE-AMS-C-6183, Class 1, Grade C
3/16” thick
Make sure all gasket sealing surfaces are ___
Clean and undamaged
If there is doubt about the condition of the sealing surface, use ____ to verify that the gasket is making contact over its entire surface
Bluing compound
After the tank cover is installed, the compressed gasket should be between ____ thick
0.13 and 0.15 inch
If the gap is accessible check the gasket compression by ___
Inserting a feeler gauge between the tank cover and the tank
When practical, ___ the tank after a new cover has been installed
Air-test
When refilling a tank after a new cover has been installed, ___
Watch the tank access cover for leaks and maintain direct communication with someone who can stop the refilling process
Most shipboard fuel system pipe is ___
Carbon steel
___ fuel piping in bilges historically has corroded severely
Carbon steel
Pipe wall thickness is evaluated using ___
Ultrasonic testing (UT)
Temporary pipe repairs require an ___
Approved Departure from Specifications (DFS)
Flange shields and flange shield materials received from the stock system have a ___ on one side, which faces ___
Rubberized coating
Outward
When replacement sections of pipe are made in a shore-based facility, they shall be ___ before being installed
Blasted and painted in the shop
Copper-nickel or stainless steel piping may be installed in existing fuel systems if the following conditions are met ____
- The new material will only run between the tanks or existing flanges that are high enough to avoid bilge water, no material transitions in the bilge.
- All components in the new line will be replaced with galvanically compatible components, to prevent galvanic corrosion of steel components
___ piping is not used in bilge areas of steam ships nor in tanks that may contain seawater
Stainless steel
____ piping is used in some ships to replace piping in the bilge areas of the ship, since it is more resistant to seawater corrosion
Copper-nickel
Installing short pieces of copper-nickel or stainless steel in a carbon steel piping system in the bilge can lead to ___
Severe galvanic corrosion
Consider replacing a large run of pipe if ___
Wall thickness below minimum for welding Multiple failures Several relatively thin spots Excessive corrosion Close to ignition sources
___ can cause problems by allowing fuel to enter or leave tanks that are supposed to be isolated
Valve leak-by
Wafer style 90 degree movement valve which serves as an authorized replacement valve for bother rubber lined butterfly and high performance butterfly valves
Triple offset torque seated valves (TOTS)
Most unintended trips of quick-closing valves are caused by ___
The cables being too tight
The best solution to avoid unintended trips is to replace cable actuating systems with ___
Linear actuators
Most fuel system pumps are ___ pumps. The most common kinds are ___
Rotary positive displacement
Screw pumps and sliding vane pumps
Do not allow a PD pump to run against a dead-headed system for more than ___
1 minute
___ are usually the only kind of fuel filtration used on steam ships
Strainers
If a strainer is installed on the suction side of the pump, the holes should be ___ or larger
1/32”
Transfer system strainer baskets usually have ___ openings
4-mil (0.004-inch)
Steam ship service systems require ____ baskets to provide filtration fine enough to allow boiler fuel controls and atomizers to operate properly
24-mesh (0.03 inch openings)
___ strainers are used for propulsion boilers; ___ strainers are used for auxiliary equipment that is operated intermittently
Duplex
Simplex
The inline and cone-type strainers are only authorized for ____
System cleanup at shipyards
Fuel system strainer baskets are usually made of ___
Monel or stainless steel
Most fuel system strainers flow is __
Inside to outside
The ___ off-line basket can be cleaned without opening the housing
Firesafe Fuel Oil Strainer (FSFOS)
FSFOS
Firesafe Fuel Oil Strainer
All strainers should have a ___ or ___ pressure gauge
Duplex
Differential
The maximum allowable pressure drop for transfer system strainers can be found by ___
Adding 20% of the rated discharge pressure of the transfer pump to the pressure of the strainer when clean
When the pressure drop through a FSFOS exceeds ___, switch baskets and backflush
10 lb/in^2
If backflushing does not reduce the pressure drop to ___, or below, open and inspect the compartment the next time the strainer is secured
6 lb/in^2
To clean a strainer basket ___
Soak it in a solvent such as P-D-680 Type III and lightly scrub with a nonmetallic brush
Before performing maintenance on an FSFOS ___
Isolate, drain, and vent
The simplex fuel oil service strainer operates on the ___
Peripheral inflow method particle retention
The simplex fuel oil service strainer flow is ___
Outside to inside
The drain valve assemble in the simplex fuel oil service strainer has an elbow at the inlet and a special ball having a hole diameter, which ranges from ___ to ____
1.00 ID
.062 ID
After start up procedures have been completed and the fuel oil system is operating, monitor the differential pressure gauges, the pressure drop should be less than ___
10 psi
Flushing the strainer requires rotating the external hand wheel ___ and opening the strainer drain valve ___
2 complete revolutions
1/4 turn
If simplex filter separators are installed in a gas turbine ship, then ___
Two units are installed in parallel
Designed to remove solids and water from fuel
Filter/separators
Filter/separators can be either ___
Class 1 or class 2
Class 1 filter/separator units have ___
Automatic water drains, manual controls are also provided
Class 2 filter/separator units have ___
Only manual controls for water drain
Maintain a filter/separator log for ___
Unit hours of operation, element replacement dates, and differential pressure
Coalescer elements shall be kept ___ to prevent drying out and loss of effectiveness
Submerged
Replace coalescer elements when the filter/separator has been drained and remains empty for ___
7 days or longer
At the installation site, ___ shall visually inspect each coalescer element for physical damage and defects before reinstalling it in the filter separator housings
Senior petty officer or above
If the coalescer element does not pass inspection ____
Return all failed elements to the supply point in their original packaging, and submit a product quality deficiency report (PQDR)
All coalescer elements in the filter/separator should be from ___
The same manufacturer
When ordering filter/separator elements use ____, not ___
NSN on the Allowance Parts List (APL)
Manufacturer’s part number
The 20-inch coalescer elements used in F-76 fuel system filter/separators and the 20-inch coalescer elements used in some JP-5 systems filter/separator are ___
Not identical
Use a ___ when installing the pre-filter compartment cover
New cover O-ring gasket
All gas turbine ships and most diesel ships use a ___ to remove water and solid contaminants from fuel in the transfer system
Centrifugal purifier
The purifier is essentially a ___
Motor-driven centrifuge
Separates contaminated fuel into its three major components due to the difference in their relative densities
Purifier
The bowl assembly and disk stack rotational axis in the purifier is ___
Vertical
In a purifier the ___ separate the contaminated fuel into thin layers, reducing the distance solids must travel for separation
Disks
The purifier is capable of removing water from a contaminated mixture which is up to ___ water
50%
The purifier is capable of processing 100% of water for a period of ___, without any water discharge from the fuel discharge port
5 minutes
___ is admitted to the purifier bowl to establish a priming seal
Water
Fuel enters the purifier in the ___ of the assembly
Bottom
Centrifugal separation of fuel and water requires a controlled, properly positioned, ____
Fuel/water interface
The fuel/water interface in the purifier is located ___
Beyond the outer edge of the disk stack and extends from the bottom of the bowl to the outer edge of the top disk
Installed to control the location of the fuel/water interface
Gravity ring
If the gravity ring is too large, the interface moves towards the ___
Outer portion of the bowl
If the gravity ring puts the interface to far to the outer edge of the purifier bowl, it results in ___
Better solids removal, but less efficient water removal, increases the likelihood of loss of the water seal
Loss of the water seal in the purifier
Breakover
The centrifugal purifier can only remove contaminants that are heavier than ___
Both fuel and water
Be sure the ___ is sufficiently slack or emptied before starting the purifier. If it is overfilled it may flow back into the ___
Purifier drain tank
Purifier gear housing
If the purifier does not come up to operating speed within ___ after starting, shut it down and determine the cause
12 minutes
Do not attempt to restart the purifier within ___ after rotation wind-down
1/2 hour
The source of Naval Distillate Fuel and other petroleum-derived products is ___
Crude oil
By distilling crude oil, the various components that make up the crude can be separated according to their ____
Boiling points
The main fractions separated during crude distillation, in order of increasing boiling points are ____
Fuel gas (essentially methane and ethane) LPG gas (propane and butane) Naphtha (gasoline blends) Gas oils (jet and diesel fuel stock) Residuum
Distillate fuels can be divided into three categories
Turbine jet fuels
Middle distillate (diesel) fuels
Heating oils
Turbine jet fuels can be divided further into two types
Gasoline-type fuels
Kerosene-type fuels
Gasoline-type jet fuels are characterized by ___
Low pour points and high flammability
Kerosene-type fuels have ___ freezing points and are ___ flammable than gasoline-type fuels
Higher
Less
The only kerosene-type jet fuel permitted onboard naval ships is ___
JP-5
___ fuels are blended from higher boiling stocks than jet fuels, it is the primary fuel used in all naval shipboard power plants
Middle Distillate (Diesel) Fuels
Pour point of F-76
21F (-6C) maximum
F-75 is an acceptable substitute fuel for ___ in all naval shipboard power plants
F-76
F-75 has a pour point of ___
0F (-18C)
Naval Distillate Lower Pour Point
F-75
Knowing the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity or specific gravity, of the fuel is essential for ___
Load distribution purposes and for a number of calculations
The specific gravity of a fuel is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of the fuel to the weight of an equal volume of water at ____
60F (15.6C)
Both API gravity and specific gravity are determined using an instrument called a ___
Hydrometer
API
American Petroleum Institute
The quantity of energy released by burning a unit amount of fuel
Calorific or heating value
Units commonly used for calorific or heating value
Btu per pound or gallon of fuel
In the US, calorific values are quantified as the ___
Higher Heating Value (HHV)
By laboratory testing, the heating value of fuel can be accurately determined using a sophisticated test apparatus called a ___
Bomb calorimeter
A known quantity of fuel and oxygen is ignited in a steel vessel under pressure, and the heating value is computed using the temperature rise measured during the reaction
Bomb calorimeter
HHV
Higher Heating Value
HHV (Btu/lb) = ___
17601 + (API @ 60F)
In Europe heating values are often quantified as the ___
Lower Heating Value (LHV)
LHVs are approximately ___ lower than HHVs for the same fuel
1100 Btu/lb
Fuel is usually purchased by ___
Volume
Most engineering calculations of heating value are based on ___
Weight
Fluid’s resistance to flow
Viscosity
Viscosity is expressed in ___ terms
Kinematic or absolute
The most commonly used units of viscosity are the ___ for kinematic and ___ for absolute
Centistoke (cSt)
Centipoise (cp)
The preferred unit of viscosity for fuel testing is the ___
Centistoke
Kinematic viscosity (cSt) = ____
Absolute viscosity (cp) / Specific gravity
The most accurate means for determining viscosity is the ___ technique
Kinematic
Viscosity is determined by measuring the time in seconds required for a given quantity of liquid to flow through a calibrated capillary tube at the test temperature
Kinematic technique
When plotted on ASTM viscosity/temperature paper, the viscosity of normal fluid will typically follow a ____
Straight line
As petroleum fuels are cooled, the larger paraffin molecules present in the fuel begin to ___
Bond together to form wax
That temperature at which this aggregation of molecules becomes apparent as a visible clouding or haze in the sample
Cloud point
The temperature at which the fuel will no longer flow
Pour point
Both the cloud point and the pour point indicate the amount of ___ present in the fuel
Long-chain paraffin
The cloud point for middle distillate fuels is usually about ___ higher than the pour point
10F (5C)
If the fuel temperature is below the cloud point temperature, ___ may occur
Filter separator element clogging
The lowest temperature at which sufficient vapor is present above the surface of the test liquid to be ignited by a test flame under controlled conditions
Flashpoint
__ can be used to indicate the flammability of a fuel for storage and for safety purposes
Flashpoint
Measure of the ignition quality of middle distillate fuels
Cetane number
__ is analogous to octane number in gasoline
Cetane number
In the laboratory environment the ___ is determined by comparing the ignition quality of the test fuel in a standard test engine to that of cetane
Cetane number
Cetane number and index is not a requirement for ___
Gas turbines or boilers
More easily measured and calculated cetane value
Cetane index
Cetane index is based on ___
API gravity and midpoint boiling range
During the combustion process, sulfur-containing compounds in the fuel may be ___
Converted to sulfur dioxide and in the presence of water, corrosive sulfuric acids form
Sulfur causes ___ in diesel engines and can cause ___ in gas turbines
Top ring wear
Hot corrosion of blades/vanes
Sulfur content affects the ___ of the fuel
Calorific value
The calorific value of the fuel ___ as the amount of sulfur in the fuel increases
Decreases
The measure of the amount of noncombustible (or inorganic) material present in the fuel
Ash content
Before combustion, ash can lead to ___ of atomizers, as well as ___ in diesel engine injector pumps
Erosion and plugging
Wear and seizure
As middle distillate fuels age, they may ___ through the formation of ____
Darken
Oxygen-catalyzed sludge
Dark middle distillate products may indicate products with reduced ___
Storage stability
Good quality fuel will appear to be ___
Clear and bright
Absence of visible particulate matter in the sample
Clear
Absence of visible suspended water in the sample
Bright
As the amount of suspended water in the fuel increases, the sample becomes ___
Hazy or cloudy
The amount of residue present after fuel has been subjected to thermal decomposition
Carbon residue
Carbon residue is significant with respect to ___
Coking tendencies
The ability of a fuel to separate adequately from water
Demulsification
Demulsification is a property that affects ___
Fuel handling equipment, specifically filter/separators
Demulsification is not measured for ___
Commercial fuels
The amount of particulates existing at the time of testing
Particulate contamination
Particulate contamination can result in ___
Filter separator element clogging
The resistance that a fuel has to the formation of degradation products when stored in ambient temperatures
Storage stability
Fuel degradation can result in ___
Rapid filter separator element clogging
F-76 fuel is tested for storage stability and must pass a predictive test to prove that it will remain stable for a time period of greater than ___
24 months
Trace metals such as ___ are measured as part of the F-76 specification requirement
Sodium, potassium, vanadium, lead, and calcium
High levels or combinations of trace metals can cause ____
Deposits and severe hot spot corrosion and sulfidation of blades and vanes in gas turbines
A fuel that may be used in place of another product for extended periods of time without technical advice
Acceptable substitute fuels
Commercial MGO-PD must be used within __ of lifting the fuel
6 weeks
Products containing residual fuel are unacceptable for use in ___
Shipboard power plants
The method used to purchase MGO-PD at commercial ports under the DESC contracted bunker fuel program
SEA Card Program
SEA Card
Ships’ Bunkers’ Easy Acquisition Card
Fuel purchases not using SEA Card must be procured as ___
An open market purchase
All fuel accepted onboard must meet the requirement of ___ minimum flash point
140*F
A fuel that may be used in an emergency only, in place of another product, after local exploration of the adequacy of the product, using locally available technical manuals and personnel
Emergency substitute fuels
An emergency substitute fuel shall not be taken onboard ship until a representative sample has been tested for ___
BS&W, density, and flashpoint
The mixing of emergency substitute fuels with acceptable bunkerings is ___
Not recommended
Emergency substitute fuels shall have a sulfur content of less or equal to ___
1.0% wt%
Any emergency substitute fuel taken onboard must be used ___
Immediately
If the supplier replies that the product meets all MGO-PD requirements, ___
No further analysis is required
The next quality reference after MGO-PD requirements
ISO 8217-2005, Grade DMA
The higher the specific gravity, the ___ it is for the purifier to separate fuel and water
Harder
The extent of the impacts due to poor fuel quality will depend on ___
How much fuel is burned, over what timeframe, and the exact quality of the fuel being burned
DMX flashpoint
43C (109F)
___ will contain some amount of residual fuel
DMB or DMC
DMB has residual fuel from ___
Transportation
DMC has residual fuel from ___
Purposely blending in up to 10-15% residual fuel oil
Fuel is delivered to customers under ___
Direct government supervision
The DLA contract for direct delivery of fuels from a contractor’s facility requires a ___
Quality control program
DLA contract for direct delivery QA program is less extensive than that at government operated facilities, in that the fuel is verified for specification compliance before issue, but the ___ is not witnessed
Individual bunker delivery
A commercial supplier not under government contract is not required to maintain or establish a ___
Specific QA program
Whenever direct procurement of fuel for a commercial supplier not under government contract is required, ___ is responsible for the quantity and quality of the fuel accepted
The ship
Fuel source precedence
- Navy-owned stocks
- DLA, DFSP
- NATO storage
- Government contract and contract bulletin using -SEA Card
- Commercial suppliers not under government contract (local purchase)
Quantities received shall be determined on the basis of ___ or, when refueling at sea, by means of ____
Shore tank gauges
Measurements taken on the issuing ship
Fuel in tanks during fueling is measured by either a ___ or a ___
Tank gauge
Graduated sounding rod
Top sounding tapes may also be used in ___
Appropriate tank tables are available
The receiving ship is not required to test the quality of fuel received before receipt from ___
Navy-owned stocks
During receipt of Navy-owned stocks, fuel will be sampled at the deck connection to monitor for ___
Water and sediment
A fuel analysis of API gravity, flashpoint, and water and sediment content will be furnished by the Navy supply source to ___
The CO of the ship receiving replenishment
The responsibility for the quality of the product received from an oiler remains with ___ until ___
The transferring ship
The receiving ship accepts the product
The oiler will be responsible for ___ any product losses resulting from the customer refusal to accept the product
Surveying
DLA-owned bulk fuels are stored in __
DFSPs
The procedures for determining the quality, quantity, and acceptability of F-76 and acceptable substitute fuels from DLA stocks are ___
The same as those for receiving fuel from a Navy source
The procedures for determining the quantity, quality, and acceptability of emergency substitute fuels from DLA stocks are ___
The same a those for receiving fuel from a commercial supplier not under government contract
The procedures for determining the quantity, quality, and acceptability of fuel from NATO storage are ___
The same as those for receiving fuel from a Navy source
Types of fuel sampling
All-levels sample
Bottom sample
Line sample
Sounding sample
Sample obtained by submerging a closed thief sampler to a point as near as possible the drawing off level, then opening the sampler and raising it at such a rate that it is nearly full as it emerges from the fuel
All-levels sample
Taken on the bottom surface of the tank at its lowest point. Usually obtained to check for water, sludge, scale, and other contaminants
Bottom sample
Sample obtained from a designated location within the fuel system while the fuel is flowing
Line sample
Sample obtained by using a sounding tape and water-indicating paste to determine the water level within the tank
Sounding sample
During receipt of F-76, samples shall be drawn at the filling connection to ensure it is clean, at a minimum of ___ shall be tested for BS&W
One sample at the beginning, one in the middle, and one at the end
During fueling F-76 visual samples shall be taken every ___
15 minutes
If visual samples meet the ___ criteria, then BS&W is not required
Clear and bright
If a sample indicates the presence of free water, ___
The delivery shall be discontinued until the cause can be found and corrected
Acceptance or rejection of fuel delivered to the ship shall be based on either ___ or ___ sample taken from the supplying tanks
All-levels
Average
In all cases, the sample container shall be ___ before use
Thoroughly cleaned
Every fuel thief can be used in properly installed ___ sounding tubes
1 1/2”
The ___ fuel thief should meet the needs of most applications
120-ml
The 132-ml fuel thief may be used where ___ is required
A larger sample volume is required
Use the 60-ml fuel thief where sounding tubes are installed with any bend radius less than ___
10’
Before purchasing a fuel thief, ship’s force should ensure that the selected fuel thief will be able to ___
Travel the full length of the sounding tube
The fuel thief contain a ___ hole at the top of the plunger assembly to which a lifting cord can be attached
1/8”
Contains a chemical dye that changes color when in contact with water
Water-indicating paste
Water-indicating paste contains ___ compounds. Avoid prolonged contact with skin
Organic amine
In the presence of water, the water-indicating paste will change from ___ to ___
White-yellow
red
The seawater conductivity meter determines if fuel is ___
Contaminated by fresh or saltwater
Before using the seawater conductivity meter rinse the tip of the seawater tester with ___
Distilled or de-ionized water
What size is the beaker supplied with the seawater conductivity meter?
50 ml
Seawater conductivity meter. Last LED signal color? Audible signal? For distilled or de-ionized water (0.05% salt or less)
Green
No
Seawater conductivity meter. Last LED signal color? Audible signal? For brackish water, low (0.25% salt or less)
Yellow
No
Seawater conductivity meter. Last LED signal color? Audible signal? For brackish water, high (1.5% salt or less)
Orange
No
Seawater conductivity meter. Last LED signal color? Audible signal? For seawater (3.8% salt)
Red
Yes
Sounding tubes required ___ in a tank to obtain a representative sample
Perforations throughout their length
More frequent fuel tank testing is often required during ___
Wartime operations
If the test for water level in the storage tank indicates ____ no further testing is required
No water or a level of water lower than the lowest known tank suction level, generally 1-inch or less
If the water indicating paste indicates a water level ____, the tank shall be stripped
Higher than the lowest known tank suction level or 3-inches
After stripping the storage tanks ____
Test the fuel by the BS&W test
If the sample exceeds ____ BS&W, strip the tank again
0.1%
Testing and stripping shall continue until the BS&W level falls below ___, or water level is ___
0.1%
1-inch or less
The BS&W test is ___ restrictive than the visual clear and bright test
Less
For steam boiler ships, the fuel service tanks shall be tested within ___ before being placed online
One hour
For diesel engine and gas turbine ships, the fuel service tanks shall be tested within ___ before being place online
8 hours
The intent of fuel service tank testing is to ____
Take a sample from the bottom of the tank to ensure fuel quality
Using the installed sampling connection on the tank or an external sounding tube for samples, must be flushed a minimum of ___, prior to taking the sample
12 ounces
Using the installed sampling connection on the tank or an external sounding tube for samples, can only be used if the sampling pipe terminus has been extended to within ___ of the tank bottom
3 inches
Once a clear and bright sample has been obtained, whether to resample prior to putting the tank in use should be based on ___
Good engineering judgment that considers time elapsed and past experience with tank cleanliness
Whenever the testing of a fuel storage tank or service tank indicated excessive contamination, use the tank stripping pump to take suction from the tank through the low-suction tailpipe long enough to draw off approximately ___
150 to 300 gallons
Discharge stripped fuel to the ___
COST
If the designated fuel settling tank is too small, consider using ___ to receive the stripping effluent
A slack fuel storage tank
The overboard discharge of fuel is ___
Not allowed
Service tank recirculation provides a means of ___
Continuously reducing the amount of solid contamination in the fuel
An increase in the pre-filter or coalesce element usage rate or a filter/separator discharge fuel sample exceeding ___ sediment also indicates the need to recirculate fuel
2.64 mg/L
Shipboard fuel testing has three purposes
- Establish the level of contamination present in the fuel
- Ensure that the fuel can be stored safely onboard ship
- Establish the density of the fuel for weight distribution and heating value purposes
The shipboard tests that may be used to establish fuel contamination levels are
- Clear and bright test
- Bottom sediment and water test (BS&W)
- Free water detector (FWD)
- Contaminated fuel detector (CFD)
- Combined fuel detector test (CCFD)
- In-line fuel quality sensors
API/Specific gravity can be determined by ___
Hydrometer testing
Absence of visible particulate matter
Clear
Absence of suspended water droplets
Bright
If the sample does not appear bright after 5 minutes, sample should be warmed ___ or to a minimum of ___, whichever is greater, in a water bath
25F (14C)
60F (15.6C)
Provides a quantitative measurement of the level of water and sediment present in the fuel
BS&W test
When conducting the BS&W test, shake the sample vigorously for ___ to ensure ___
30 seconds
Homogeneous distribution of contaminants
The fuel temperature at the time of the BS&W test shall be at least ___
60F (15.6C)
The BS&W test spins at ____ for ___
1500 rpm
15 min
Cover the corks for the BS&W test in ___ so that they can be used again
Thin plastic film
Set the time for the BS&W test for an additional ___ to allow the centrifuge to attain required speed
One minute
Each centrifuge tube in the BS&W test contains ___ of the sample
100 mL
Place the two tubes containing the sample on ___ of the centrifuge in the BS&W test
Opposite sides
The reading in the BS&W test are a ____
Direct percentage of water and sediment
To determine the BS&W of the fuel, ___ the readings from the two centrifuge tubes and ___
Add the readings
Divide by two
Free Water Detector test procedure was formerly called ___
AEL MK II
Portable instrument designed to quantitatively detect free or mechanically suspended water in aviation distillate fuels such as JP-5
Free Water Detector
This unit consists of a view box with an ultra-violet light source, a standard card indicating 0, 5, 10, and 20 ppm water contamination, and detector pads through which the fuel sample is passed for later comparison under the ultraviolet light
Free Water Detector
The FWD method employs a water-sensitive indicator dye ____, which is embedded in the detector pads
Sodium fluorescein
The FWD is capable of reliably detecting the water contamination levels in the range of ___
0-20 ppm range
Contaminated Fuel Detector test was formerly called ____
AEL MK III
Used to determine the level of solid contamination in aircraft distillate fuels such as JP-5
Contaminated Fuel Detector test (CFD)
This unit consists of a fuel sample container, a fuel filtration system, and a light transmission system
CFD test
In this test a volume of fuel is filtered through a Millipore filter paper; any solid particles are retained on the paper, then the filtered fuel is passed through a second filter paper, which is used to indicate fuel coloration, via a beam of light being passed through, and measured
CFD test
Allow the CFD test unit to warm up for ___
3 to 5 minutes
Combines the functions of the FWD and CFD test kits
Combined Contaminated Fuel Detector (CCFD)
Two flashpoint test procedures
Pensky-Martens
NAVIFLASH
Flashpoint test procedures allow for the determination of the fuel flashpoint according to ___
ASTM D 93
Both flash point test procedures ___
Heat fuel in a closed cup at a specified rate until a flash is detected
A flash is detected by ___
Visibly or by sensing pressure build-up
The Pensky-Martens method uses an ___
Open flame which is periodically dipped into the test chamber
The NAVIFLASH method used an ___
Electric spark and pressure transducer
JP-5 flashpoint results obtained via NAVIFLASH testing average ___ lower than those obtained for the same fuel via the PMCC test method
2 to 4 degrees F (1 to 2 degrees C)
When a discrepancy exists between the results of the NAVIFLASH method and the PMCC method, the ___ test results shall be used to determine fuel acceptability
PMCC
Where ships receive JP-5 while underway and shipboard NAVIFLASH testing shows a flashpoint below the 140*F, ___ from the supplying ship shall suffice
Documentation indicating that the fuel load out quality report meets the 140*F flashpoint requirement
In the PMCC method the flame should be ___ in diameter
5/32” (4mm)
In the PMCC method apply heat so that the temperature of the sample rises at a rate of ___
10F (6C) per minute
In the PMCC method, the stirrer should be at a rate of ___
90 to 120 rpm
In the PMCC method, apply the test flame when the temperature approaches ___, and thereafter at every ____
30F (17C) below the expected flash point
2F (1C)
In the PMCC method, allow the flame to remain in the chamber for approximately ___
1 second
In the PMCC method, the sample stirring method should be ___ when applying the test flame
Disengaged
Run calibration programs on the NAVIFLASH if tester is not used within ___
30 days
___ is used for calibration in the NAVIFLASH
N-Dodecane fluid
Load distribution calculations require knowledge of ___, as do a number of engineering calculations such as estimating heating value
Fuel gravity
In the NAVIFLASH method, shall be performed in duplicate using separate samples, agreement should be within ___
±5°F
In the NAVIFLASH method, if measured flashpoint is greater or equal to 140°F, ___ light will flash and the screen will display ____ message
Green
ACCEPT FUEL
In the NAVIFLASH method, if measured flashpoint is less than 140°F, ____ light will flash and the screen will display ___ message
Red
REJECT FUEL
In the API/specific gravity test the glass cylinder shall be filled ____
2/3 full
In the API/specific gravity test the fuel temperature should be ___
Approximately the same as the surrounding air
In the API/specific gravity test, ensure that the hydrometer does not ___
Touch the sides of the cylinder
In the API/specific gravity test, when the hydrometer comes to rest, read the point at which the ___
Surface of the liquid meets the scale on the hydrometer
After testing the API/specific gravity, find the API gravity at ___
60°F (15.6°C)
Real-time instrument that detects free water and sediment in fuel
In-line fuel quality sensor
This sensor continuously emits a laser beam directed across the fuel stream. Contaminates in the fuel scatter the laser beam, and the angle and intensity of the scattered light correlates to the type and concentration of contaminants
In-line fuel quality sensor
The results from the In-line fuel quality sensor are displayed in ___
mg/L for solids
ppm for water
