Notes + Study Questions of Reproductive System Flashcards
The male structures of reproduction include:
1.) Testes
2.) Ducts
3.) Accessory Sex Glands
4.) Supporting Structures
The ducts included in the male reproductive system include:
- Ductus Epididymis
- Ductus Vans Deferens
- Ejaculatory Ducts
- Urethra
Accessory sex glands of the male reproductive system include:
- Seminal Vesicles
- Prostate
- Bulbourethral Galnds
What is the supporting structure in the male reproductive system?
Penis
Where is sperm created?
Seminiferous Tubules
What are the function of gonads?
produce gametes and secrete hormones
What are the function of ducts?
transport, receive, and store gametes
What are the function of accessory sex glands?
materials that support gametes
What structure of the male scrotum helps with the survival of sperm?
dartos + cremaster muscles
What makes up the spermatic cord?
- vas deferens
- testicular artery
- veins and lymphatics
- autonomic nerves
What pass through the inguinal canal?
spermatic cord + ilioinguinal nerve
When do the testes begin their descent during development?
during later half of 7th month of fetal development
What is the immune response in the testis?
blood-testis-barrier
What is the function of Sertoli cells?
sperm production
What is the function of Leydig cells?
produce testosterone
What is the role of FSH in males? LH?
- FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to inc. rate of spermatogenesis
- LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
What is the life expectancy for sperm once ejaculated
48 hrs
What is the route of sperm from origin to outside?
- seminiferous tubules
- rete testis
- efferent ducts
- ductus epididymis
- vas deferens
- ejaculatory duct
- urethra
What hormone stimulates anterior pituitary secretion of FSH and LH?
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
What are the 3 portions of the male urethra?
- prostatic
- membranous
- spongy (cavernous)
What male accessory sex gland whose function is to secrete mucus for lubrication and an alkaline substance that neutralizes acid AND is inferior to the prostate?
Bulbourethral glands
What male accessory sex gland secrete an alkaline fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins and clotting patterns and is responsible for 60% of total volume?
seminal vesicles
What male accessory sex gland secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid that contains citric acid, acid phosphatase and several proteolytic enzymes AND is responsible for 25% of ejaculate volume?
prostate gland
What number of sperm in ejaculate usually indicates infertility?
<20 million/mL
Which tissue masses form the erectile tissue in the penis, and why do they become rigid during sexual arousal?
- sacral parasympathetic fibers
- nitric oxide is released from parasympathetic neurons
Describe the process of spermatogenesis.
1) diploid stem cells > mitosis > primary spermatocytes
2) meiosis I: primary spermatocytes > secondary spermatocytes
3) meiosis II: haploid spermatids
4) spermiogenesis: maturation of spermatids into sperm
The female structure of the reproductive system include:
- ovaries
- Fallopian tubes
- uterus
- vagina
- vulva
- mammary glands
What is the epithelium that covers surface of an ovary?
germinal epithelium
What are the main anchors for ovaries?
- suspentory ligaments
- ovarian ligament
oogenesis includes what steps
1) reduction division (meiosis I)
2) equatorial division (meiosis II)
3) maturation
What is the sequence of follicular cells changes
1) primordial
2) primary
3) secondary
4) Graffian follicles (mature)
5) corpus luteum and corpus albicans
Where is the site of fertilization
Fallopian tubes
What are the 3 layers of Fallopian tubes?
1) internal mucosa
2) middle muscularis
3) outer serosa
What are the labor anatomical subdivisions of the uterus?
1) fundus
2) body
3) isthmus
4) cervix
Interior of body of uterus is also called the
uterine cavity
What is the major support that holds uterus in place?
broad ligament
What are the 3 layers of the uterus?
1) prometrium
2) myometrium
3) endometrium
The endometrium is divided into how many layers? What are their names?
2 layers: stratum functionalis & stratum basalis
What layer of the endometrium is shed during mensruation?
stratum functionalis
The vulva is composed of:
- mons pubis
- clitoris
- labia majora and minora
- vestibule
- vaginal orifice
- urethral orifice
- hymen
- paraurethral (Skene’s) gland
- greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland
- lesser vestibular gland
What are the milk-secreting cells called?
alveoli
What are the 2 cycles related to the female reproductive cycles?
ovarian cycle and uterine cycle
Describe the process of oogenesis in the ovaries.
1) meiosis I
2) meiosis II
3) maturation
What hormones regulate the synthesis and ejection of milk?
synthesis: prolactin
ejection: oxytocin
What is the role of FSH in females? LH?
FSH: initial development of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen
LH: stimulates further development of ovarian follicles, ovulation, and secretion of estrogen and progesterone
When does oogenesis begin?
before birth during early fetal development
pregnancy hormone
hCG
When is the window of fertilization?
2 days before ovulation - 1 day after ovulation
male pronucleus + female pronucleus =
zygote
What are the 4 phases of the uterine cycles and in a 28-day cycle, on what days do these phases occur?
1) Menstrual phase (Day 1-5)
2) Proliferative phase (Day 6-13)
3) Ovulation (Day 14)
4) Luteal phase (Day 15-28)
What is the cause of ovulation?
surge of LH
The release of what 2 hormones produce a feeling of relaxation?
oxytocin and prolactin
What are the 2 general phases of the ovarian cycle?
1) follicular phase
2) luteal phase
What are the 2 general phases of the uterine cycles?
1) proliferative phase
2) secretory phase
Correlate the events of each phase of the uterine cycle with the events of the ovarian cycle.
1) menstrual phase
- corpus luteum shed; bleeding
- small 2 degree follicles in each ovary begin to develop
2) proliferative phase
- endometrial repair occurs
- development of follicles (results in mature follicle)
3) ovulation
- rupture of mature follicle w/ release of “egg”
- GnRH promotes release of LH + FSH
4) luteal phase
- depending on whether there is fertilization or not (preparing for another menses or pregnancy)
- if NO fertilization: corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans
- vesicle follicle collapses to become corpus hemorrhagicum
