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BIO 40C > Notes + Study Questions of Reproductive System > Flashcards

Notes + Study Questions of Reproductive System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The male structures of reproduction include:

A

1.) Testes
2.) Ducts
3.) Accessory Sex Glands
4.) Supporting Structures

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2
Q

The ducts included in the male reproductive system include:

A
  • Ductus Epididymis
  • Ductus Vans Deferens
  • Ejaculatory Ducts
  • Urethra
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3
Q

Accessory sex glands of the male reproductive system include:

A
  • Seminal Vesicles
  • Prostate
  • Bulbourethral Galnds
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4
Q

What is the supporting structure in the male reproductive system?

A

Penis

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5
Q

Where is sperm created?

A

Seminiferous Tubules

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6
Q

What are the function of gonads?

A

produce gametes and secrete hormones

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7
Q

What are the function of ducts?

A

transport, receive, and store gametes

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8
Q

What are the function of accessory sex glands?

A

materials that support gametes

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9
Q

What structure of the male scrotum helps with the survival of sperm?

A

dartos + cremaster muscles

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10
Q

What makes up the spermatic cord?

A
  • vas deferens
  • testicular artery
  • veins and lymphatics
  • autonomic nerves
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11
Q

What pass through the inguinal canal?

A

spermatic cord + ilioinguinal nerve

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12
Q

When do the testes begin their descent during development?

A

during later half of 7th month of fetal development

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13
Q

What is the immune response in the testis?

A

blood-testis-barrier

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14
Q

What is the function of Sertoli cells?

A

sperm production

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15
Q

What is the function of Leydig cells?

A

produce testosterone

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16
Q

What is the role of FSH in males? LH?

A
  • FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to inc. rate of spermatogenesis
  • LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
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17
Q

What is the life expectancy for sperm once ejaculated

A

48 hrs

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18
Q

What is the route of sperm from origin to outside?

A
  • seminiferous tubules
  • rete testis
  • efferent ducts
  • ductus epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • ejaculatory duct
  • urethra
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19
Q

What hormone stimulates anterior pituitary secretion of FSH and LH?

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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20
Q

What are the 3 portions of the male urethra?

A
  • prostatic
  • membranous
  • spongy (cavernous)
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21
Q

What male accessory sex gland whose function is to secrete mucus for lubrication and an alkaline substance that neutralizes acid AND is inferior to the prostate?

A

Bulbourethral glands

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22
Q

What male accessory sex gland secrete an alkaline fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins and clotting patterns and is responsible for 60% of total volume?

A

seminal vesicles

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23
Q

What male accessory sex gland secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid that contains citric acid, acid phosphatase and several proteolytic enzymes AND is responsible for 25% of ejaculate volume?

A

prostate gland

24
Q

What number of sperm in ejaculate usually indicates infertility?

A

<20 million/mL

25
Q

Which tissue masses form the erectile tissue in the penis, and why do they become rigid during sexual arousal?

A
  • sacral parasympathetic fibers
  • nitric oxide is released from parasympathetic neurons
26
Q

Describe the process of spermatogenesis.

A

1) diploid stem cells > mitosis > primary spermatocytes
2) meiosis I: primary spermatocytes > secondary spermatocytes
3) meiosis II: haploid spermatids
4) spermiogenesis: maturation of spermatids into sperm

27
Q

The female structure of the reproductive system include:

A
  • ovaries
  • Fallopian tubes
  • uterus
  • vagina
  • vulva
  • mammary glands
28
Q

What is the epithelium that covers surface of an ovary?

A

germinal epithelium

29
Q

What are the main anchors for ovaries?

A
  • suspentory ligaments
  • ovarian ligament
30
Q

oogenesis includes what steps

A

1) reduction division (meiosis I)
2) equatorial division (meiosis II)
3) maturation

31
Q

What is the sequence of follicular cells changes

A

1) primordial
2) primary
3) secondary
4) Graffian follicles (mature)
5) corpus luteum and corpus albicans

32
Q

Where is the site of fertilization

A

Fallopian tubes

33
Q

What are the 3 layers of Fallopian tubes?

A

1) internal mucosa
2) middle muscularis
3) outer serosa

34
Q

What are the labor anatomical subdivisions of the uterus?

A

1) fundus
2) body
3) isthmus
4) cervix

35
Q

Interior of body of uterus is also called the

A

uterine cavity

36
Q

What is the major support that holds uterus in place?

A

broad ligament

37
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

1) prometrium
2) myometrium
3) endometrium

38
Q

The endometrium is divided into how many layers? What are their names?

A

2 layers: stratum functionalis & stratum basalis

39
Q

What layer of the endometrium is shed during mensruation?

A

stratum functionalis

40
Q

The vulva is composed of:

A
  • mons pubis
  • clitoris
  • labia majora and minora
  • vestibule
  • vaginal orifice
  • urethral orifice
  • hymen
  • paraurethral (Skene’s) gland
  • greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland
  • lesser vestibular gland
41
Q

What are the milk-secreting cells called?

A

alveoli

42
Q

What are the 2 cycles related to the female reproductive cycles?

A

ovarian cycle and uterine cycle

43
Q

Describe the process of oogenesis in the ovaries.

A

1) meiosis I
2) meiosis II
3) maturation

44
Q

What hormones regulate the synthesis and ejection of milk?

A

synthesis: prolactin
ejection: oxytocin

45
Q

What is the role of FSH in females? LH?

A

FSH: initial development of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen
LH: stimulates further development of ovarian follicles, ovulation, and secretion of estrogen and progesterone

46
Q

When does oogenesis begin?

A

before birth during early fetal development

47
Q

pregnancy hormone

A

hCG

48
Q

When is the window of fertilization?

A

2 days before ovulation - 1 day after ovulation

49
Q

male pronucleus + female pronucleus =

A

zygote

50
Q

What are the 4 phases of the uterine cycles and in a 28-day cycle, on what days do these phases occur?

A

1) Menstrual phase (Day 1-5)
2) Proliferative phase (Day 6-13)
3) Ovulation (Day 14)
4) Luteal phase (Day 15-28)

51
Q

What is the cause of ovulation?

A

surge of LH

52
Q

The release of what 2 hormones produce a feeling of relaxation?

A

oxytocin and prolactin

53
Q

What are the 2 general phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

1) follicular phase
2) luteal phase

54
Q

What are the 2 general phases of the uterine cycles?

A

1) proliferative phase
2) secretory phase

55
Q

Correlate the events of each phase of the uterine cycle with the events of the ovarian cycle.

A

1) menstrual phase
- corpus luteum shed; bleeding
- small 2 degree follicles in each ovary begin to develop

2) proliferative phase
- endometrial repair occurs
- development of follicles (results in mature follicle)

3) ovulation
- rupture of mature follicle w/ release of “egg”
- GnRH promotes release of LH + FSH

4) luteal phase
- depending on whether there is fertilization or not (preparing for another menses or pregnancy)
- if NO fertilization: corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans
- vesicle follicle collapses to become corpus hemorrhagicum

BIO 40C (20 decks)

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