Notes + Study Questions of Fluid & Electrolytes Flashcards
2/3 of body fluid is
intracellular fluid
1/3 of body fluid is
extracellular fluid
what are some examples of interstitial fluid
lymph, CSF, GI fluids, synovial fluid
what membrane separates the intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid
plasma membranes
what membrane separates the interstitial fluid and blood plasma
blood vessel walls
what are the ways that fluids move between cells and what is the main way
filtration
reabsorption
diffusion
osmosis (main way)
what are the normal ways of fluid intake
ingestion of liquids and moist foods and metabolic synthesis of water during cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis
what are the normal ways of fluid output
kidneys, exhalation from lungs, evaporation from skin, feces
metabolic water volume depends on
level of aerobic cellular respiration
what is the main way to regulate body water balance
adjusting volume of water intake
what is dehydration
water loss is greater than water gain
what are the 4 hormones that regulate urine production
ADH, ANP, angiotensin II, aldosterone
what is water intoxication
water consumption is greater than the amount of kidney excretion
what are the 4 general functions of electrolytes
1) control osmosis of water
2) maintain acid-base balance
3) electrical current
4) cofactors of enzymes
what is the most abundant extracellular ion
Na+
what is sodium involved in
impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and fluid + electrolyte balance
the blood level of sodium is controlled by what 3 hormones
aldosterone, ADH, ANP
what is edema
excess sodium
what is the most extracellular anion
chloride
chloride is involved in what functions
regulation osmotic pressure, formingHCl in the stomach
what hormone regulates chloride
aldosterone
what is the most abundant cation in ICF
potassium
what functions is potassium involved in
maintaining fluid volume, impulse conduction, muscle contraction and regulating pH
what controls the level of potassium
mineralcorticoids, mainly aldosterone
what is prominent ion in plasma
bicarbonate
what is the function of bicarbonate
electrolyte balance
what is the most abundant ion in the body
calcium
what is the function of calcium
structural component of bones and teeth, participates in blood coagulation, neurotransmitter release, maintenance of muscle tone, excitability of nervous + muscle tissue
what 2 hormones control the level of calcium
PTH and calcitonin
what controls level of phosphate
PTH and calcitriol
what is a primary intracellular cation
magnesium
what is magnesium involved in
activates several enzyme systems involved in metabolism of carbs + proteins, operation of sodium pump, neuromuscular activities, neural transmission within CNS, myocardial function
what regulates magnesium concentration
hypocalcemia/hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia/hypermagnesemia, increase or decrease of ECF volume, increase or decrease in PTH, acidosis or alkalosis
the homeostasis of pH is maintained by
buffer systems, exhalation of CO2, and kidney excretion
what are the important types of buffer systems
protein system, carbonic acid-bicarbonate system, phosphate system
what is the most abundant body buffer system
protein buffer system
what happens when you increase the rate and depth of breathing
more CO2 is exhaled which leads to increased pH
what happens when you decrease the rate and depth of breathing
less CO2 is exhaled which leads to decreased blood pH
acidosis is what blood pH
< 7.35 `
alkalosis is what blood pH
> 7.45
what is the normal pH range
7.35-7.45
what are the primary disorders of blood PCO2
respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis
what are the primary disorders of bicarbonate concentration
metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis
what are the 4 steps to diagnose an acid-base imbalance
1) check pH if high or low
2) decide if PCO2 or HCO3- is cause of abnormality
3) specify problem source as respiratory or metabolic
4) look at non-causative value and determine if its compensating for the problem
what effect does alcohol have on ADH secretion
alcohol suppresses secretion of ADH
what are the chemical buffers of the body
lungs and kidneys
what 3 things do you have to look at for acid base balance and what are their normal ranges
pH: 7.35-7.45
PaCO2: 35-45 mmHg
HCO3- : 22-26 mEq/L
what are the 3 things that help maintain pH of body fluids
buffers, exhalation of CO2, kidney excretion of H+
elevated pH, low PaCO2, normal HCO3
respiratory alkalosis
decreased pH, increased PaCO2, normal HCO3
respiratory acidosis
increased pH, normal PaCO2, increased HCO3
metabolic alkalosis
decreased pH, normal PaCO2, decreased HCO3
matabolic acidosis
