Notes 9

Question 1

What are some characteristics of common garden beans?

Answer 1

Common garden beans are eudicots with thick cotyledons. They have a seed coat that protects and keeps the inside stable, a hinge hypocotyl, 2 cotyledons to nourish, an epicotyl, and the radical which is the seed root. Stays dominant until conditions are favorable.

Question 2

What are some chacteristics of corn?

Answer 2

Corn is a monocot. Has single cotyledon, endosperm to nourish, primary root seed called radicle, a hypocotyl and an epicotyl, and a coleoptile.

Question 3

What does germination in dicots look like?

Answer 3

The radicle pops out of the seed coat and starts sending root tissue downward. In dicots, there is a hook structure that enables a pressure to push through the soil and it opens up. Once the leaves are out, the plant can make its own food through photosynthesis.

Question 4

What does germination in monocots look like?

Answer 4

The coleoptile is a very tough bit of tissue that penetrates through seed coat and through soil to form a tube that the shoot tissues comes out of.

Question 5

What are simple fruits?

Answer 5

Simple fruits develop from one or more carpels and contain a single ovary. The single ovary may or may not include additional modified accessory floral structures. In addition, simple fruits are fleshy or dry. These fruits are often seen in the local market and are edible generally. Stigma houses the ovaries that become seeds, which are indivual peas in a pod.

Question 6

What are aggregate fruits?

Answer 6

Aggregate fruit is when you have a flower with multiple tiny carpels. (raspberries). Each component is called a fruitlet and the hairs are remains of the stigma. Bits at the bottom are stamen.

Question 7

What are multiple fruits?

Answer 7

Multiple fruit is an inflorescence made of many flowers. Each petal is an individual flower and pistol. (pineapple)

Question 8

What is an accessory fruit?

Answer 8

An accessory fruit is a fruit that contains tissue derived from plant parts other than the ovary. In other words, the flesh of the fruit develops not from the floral ovary, but from some adjacent tissue exterior to the carpel.

Question 9

How do rhizomes grow?

Answer 9

A horizontal shoot grows below the surface and a vertical ones grows out.

Question 10

Stolon are _____ shoots that grow along the surface.

Answer 10

Horizontal

Question 11

Tubers are enlarged ends of ____ or _____ specialzied for storing food.

Answer 11

Rhizomes or stolons

Question 12

What happens when stolens get to a favorable spot?

Answer 12

When they get to a favorable spot they will put our leaves and make a new plant that is identical to the parent as it’s just an extension of the tissue.

Question 13

Tubers shoot out what?

Answer 13

Tubers shoot out new roots through eyes. Axillary buds that are trying to reproduce.

Question 14

What are advantages/disadvanatages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 14

Advantages of asexual reproduction are that its self reliant, grows a perfect clone. Disadvantages are that if one is wiped out, all will become clones.
In a stable environment, asexual is good. Insatiable, prob not.

Question 15

Whats the difference in sexual and asexual reproduction?

Answer 15

Sexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically different from parents while asexual clones.

Question 16

T or F:Many angiosperm species reproduce both asexually and sexually.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What is fragmentation?

Answer 17

Fragmentation is the separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants.

Question 18

What is apomixis?

Answer 18

Apomixis is the asexual reproduction of seeds from a diploid cell.

Question 19

T or F: Angiosperms want to self fertilize.

Answer 19

False.Many angiosperms have mechanisms that make it difficult or impossible for a flower to self fertilize. Dioecious species have staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants.

Question 20

Whats the benefit of flowers of the same kind having different reproductive structures?

Answer 20

Some flowers have more staminates and some have carpellates, so that they are the same flower but different, they can fertilize each other.

Question 21

Whats the difference in thrum flowers and pin flowers?

Answer 21

Thrum flowers where stamens grow above styles, and pin flowers where styles grow above stamens.

Question 22

Why would stamens and styles mature at different times?

Answer 22

Stamens and styles mature at different times or different levels to prevent self fertilization.

Question 23

What is the self incompatibility foral adaptation to prevent self fertilization?

Answer 23

the plant rejects its own pollen. Researchers are figuring out molecular mechanisms as some plants reject pollen that has S-gene matching an allele in the stigma cells. Recognition of self pollen triggers a signal transduction pathways reading back to a block in the growth of a pollen tube.

Question 24

T or F: Seeds contain genetic blueprints.

Answer 24

True. Seeds contain genetic blueprints like plant breeding or GMOs.

Question 25

Humans have devised methods for asexual propagation of angiosperms. Most methods are based on the ability of plants to what??

Answer 25

Humans have devised methods for asexual propagation of angiosperms. Most methods are based on the ability of plants to form adventitious roots or shoots (fast growing)

Question 26

Many kinds of plants are asexually reproduced from plant fragments called what?

Answer 26

Cuttings

Question 27

What is a callus?

Answer 27

A callus is a mass of dividing undifferentiated cells that forms where a stem is cut and produces adventitious roots.

Question 28

How does grafting plants work?

Answer 28

A twig or bud can be grafted onto a plant of a closely related species or variety. The stock provides the root system and the scion is grafted onto the stock.

Question 29

Plant biologists have adopted what methods to create and clone plant varieties?

Answer 29

Plant biologists have adopted in vitro methods to create and clone novel plant varieties. Transgenic plants are genetically modified (GM) to express a gene from another organism.

Question 30

What is used to create hybrid plants by fusing protoplasts?

Answer 30

Protoplast fusion

Question 31

What are protoplasts?

Answer 31

plant cells with their cell wall removed.

Question 32

T or F: Mutations only occur spontaneously.

Answer 32

False. Mutations can arise spontaneously or can be induced by breeders. Plants with beneficial mutations are used in breeding experiments.

Question 33

T or F: Desirable traits can be introduced from differnt species.

Answer 33

True. Desirable traits can be introduced from different species or genera. The grain triticale is derived from a successful cross between wheat and rye.

Question 34

What are th 2 meanings of plant biotechnology?

Answer 34

-It refers to innovations in the use of plants to make useful products
-It refers to the use of GM organisms in agriculture and industry.

Question 35

Why are genetically modified plants beneficial?

Answer 35

Genetically modified plants may increase the quality and quantity of food worldwide.

Question 36

What do transgenic crops do?

Answer 36

-Produce proteins to defend them against insect pests
-tolerate herbicides
-resist specific diseases

Question 37

How are biofuels made? What is their purpose?

Answer 37

Biofuels are made by the fermentation and distillation of plant materials like cellulose. Biofuels can be produced by rapidly growing crops and reduce dependency on fossil fuels.

Question 38

What is golden rice?

Answer 38

“Golden Rice” is a transgenic variety being developed to address vitamin A deficiencies among the world’s poor. Golden rice and prevention of blind ness associated with vitamin A deficiency.

Question 39

What are the problems with GM organisms?

Answer 39

Some biologists are concerned about risks of releasing GM organisms into the environment. One concern is that genetic engineering may transfer allergens from a gene source to a plant used for food. Many ecologists are concerned that the growing of GM crops might have unforeseen effects on nontarget organisms.
The most serious concern is transgene escape, the possibility of introduced genes escaping into related weeds through crop to weed hybridization.

Question 40

How are scientists reducing problems related to genetic engineering?

Answer 40

Efforts are underway to prevent this by introducing male sterility, apomixis, transgenes into chloroplast DNA ( not transferred by pollen), and strict self pollination