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Biology 1002 > Notes 12 > Flashcards

Notes 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Invertebrates account for what percent of known animal species?

A

95%

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2
Q

What is in phylum cnidaria?

A

Phylum Cnidaria has diversified into a
wide range of both sessile and motile forms
including jellies (“jellyfish”), corals, and hydras

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3
Q

Cnidarians have what kind of body plans?

A

They are diploblastic with a radial body plan

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4
Q

Cnidarians contain a sac with a central digestive compartment called what?

A

The gastrovasular cavity.

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5
Q

T or F: A single opening to the gastrovascular cavity functions as both mouth and anus.

A

True

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6
Q

Both types of cnidarians, polyp and medusa have what 2 layers of cells and what layer in between them?

A

Outer layer of epidermis (derived from ectoderm). Inner layer of gastrodermis (derived from endoderm). Mesoglea is a gelatinous layer between epidermis and gastrodermis

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7
Q

What are the 2 variations of the cnidarian body plan?

A

The sessile polyp and the motile medusa.

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the polyp cnidarians?

A

Polyps are cylindrical, adhere to substrate by
the aboral end of body (end opposite the mouth). Extend tentacles waiting for prey. Polyp examples include hydras and sea anemones.

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9
Q

What are hydras?

A

a fresh water cnidarian exists only in polyp
form and reproduces asexually by budding

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the medusa cnidarians?

A

A flattened, mouth-down version of polyp. Moves freely in water by passive drifting and
contractions of bell-shaped body. Medusae include free-swimming jellies. Tentacles dangle from oral, downward-pointing surface. Some cnidarians only exist as polyps, some only as
medusae. Others have both polyp and medusa stage in life cycle

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11
Q

Cnidarians are __ivores that use _____ around mouth to capture prey and push food into _____ ______ where digestion begins.

A

Cnidarians are carnivores that use tentacles around mouth to capture prey and push food into gastrovascular cavity where digestion begins.

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12
Q

Tentacles are armed with what to help capture prey?

A

Tentacles are armed with cnidocytes, unique cells that function in defence and prey capture.

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13
Q

What are nematocysts?

A

Some cnidocytes contain nematocysts, organelles that contain and eject a stinging thread that can penetrate the body wall of prey. When a “trigger” is stimulated by touch or certain chemicals, the thread shoots out puncturing and injecting toxins into prey.

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14
Q

How does cnidarian digestion work?

A

Tentacles push food into gastrovascular
cavity. Enzymes secreted into cavity to digest
prey. Cells lining cavity absorb nutrients and
complete digestion. Undigested remains expelled through mouth/anus

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15
Q

How do cnidarians move?

A

Gastrovascular cavity acts as a hydrostatic skeleton against which contractile cells can work. When cnidarian closes mouth, volume of cavity fixed, contraction of cells causes animal to change shape. Movements coordinated by nerve net. No brain, has nerve net associated with sensory structures around body. Can detect and respond to stimuli from all directions

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16
Q

Majority of animals belong to what clade?

A

Majority of animals belong to clade Bilateria. They Have bilateral symmetry and triploblastic
development. Most have a coelom and a digestive tract with two openings. The clade Bilateria contains Lophotrochozoa,
Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia

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17
Q

What ar the echaracteristics of the clade lophotrochozoa?

A

The clade Lophotrochozoa was identified by
molecular data. Some develop a lophophore, a crown of ciliated tentacles for feeding, others pass through a trochophore larval stage, and few have neither feature. Lophotrochozoa includes 18 phyla. Lophotrochozoa includes flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, and annelids

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18
Q

What are annelids?

A

Annelids (“little rings”) are segmented worms
(Segmentation: division of body into nearly identical subunits) bodies composed of a series of fused rings (rings are distinct segments separated by a partition (septum)). Live in sea, in most freshwater habitats, and damp soil. Coelomates; range in length from < 1mm to > 3m. Annelids can be divided into two major clades: (lifestyle differences) Errantia and Sedentaria (leeches and earthworms)

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19
Q

What are some characteristics of leeches?

A

Most species of leeches live in fresh water; some are marine or terrestrial (live in moist vegetation). Can be 1 – 30 cm. Leeches include predators of invertebrates, and parasites that suck blood by temporarily attaching to other animals. Anterior sucker, bladelike jaws
slit skin. Secretes anaesthetic and a chemical, (hirudin), that keeps blood from coagulating. Sucks blood

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20
Q

What characteristics of earthworms?

A

Earthworms are one of our invertebrate animal
models. Earthworms eat through soil, extracting nutrients as the soil moves through the alimentary canal. Undigested material eliminated as fecal castingsthrough anus; till, aerate, improve soil. Earthworms are hermaphrodites but cross-fertilize (clitellum: role in reproduction). Some reproduce asexually by fragmentation.

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21
Q

Each segment of the earthworm is surrounded by ______ muscle, which in turn is surrounded by _____ muscle. Earthworms coordinate the ______ of these 2 sets of muscles to move.

A

Each segment is surrounded by longitudinal muscle, which in turn is surrounded by circular muscle. Earthworms coordinate the contraction of these 2 sets of muscles to move.

22
Q

T or F:Many of the internal structures are repeated within each segment of the earth worm.

A

True

23
Q

Each segment of the Earthworm has 4 pairs of chaetae which are what?

A

Bristles that provide traction for burrowing

24
Q

The earthworm nervous system features a brain-like pair of ____ ____ above and in front of the ____. A ring of nerves around the pharynx connects to a ______ _____, from which a fused pair of nerve cords runs _____.

A

The earthworm nervous system features a brain-like pair of cerebral ganglia above and in front of the pharynx. A ring of nerves around the pharynx connects to a subpharyngeal ganglion, from which a fused pair of nerve cords runs posteriorly.

25
Q

The earthworm circulatory system, a network of vessels, is closed. The ____ and _____ vessels are linked by segmental pairs of vessels, some of which are ______ and pump blood through the ____ system.

A

The circulatory system, a network of vessels, is closed. The dorsal and ventral vessels are linked by segmental pairs of vessels, some of which are muscular and pump blood through the circulatory system.

26
Q

Earthworms have ____ nerve cords with _____ _____. The nerve cords penetrate the _____ and run the length of the animal as do the digestive tract and longitudinal blood vessels.

A

Earthworms have ventral nerve cords with segmental ganglia. The nerve cords penetrate the septa and run the length of the animal as do the digestive tract and longitudinal blood vessels.

27
Q

What is the earthworm’s respiratory organ?

A

Tiny blood vessels are abundant in the earthworm in the earthworm’s skin, which functions as its respiratory organ.

28
Q

How do Earthworms get rid of waste?

A

Each segment of the worm contains a pair of excretory tubes, called metanephridia, which discharge wastes from the blood and coelomic fluid through exterior pores.

29
Q

T or F: The coelom of the earthworm is partitioned by the septa.

A

True

30
Q

What are characteristics of ecdysozoans?

A

Ecdysozoans are covered by a tough coat called a cuticle. The cuticle is shed or moulted through a process called ecdysis. The two largest phyla
are nematodes and arthropods.

31
Q

What are some characetristsics of phylum anthropoda?

A

A segmented body, Hard exoskeleton,Jointed appendages (“jointed feet”), Appendages, are
jointed and paired, Some modified for walking, feeding, sensory reception,reproduction, defence. Body completely covered by the cuticle

32
Q

How are the exoskeltons of arthopods constructed?

A

An exoskeleton made of layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin. Exoskeleton protects,
and provides points of attachment for muscles that move appendages. Prevents desiccation. When an arthropod grows, it moults its exoskeleton. Energetically expensive. Vulnerable until new exoskeleton hashardened

33
Q

Arthopods have well developed sensory organs such as?

A

Arthropods have well- developed sensory organs like eyes, olfactory receptors, and antennae that function in touch and smell. Most sensory organs concentrated in anterior end.

34
Q

What is the anthropod circulatory system like?

A

Arthropods have an open circulatory system. Hemolymph fluid propelled by heart through short arteries into spaces (sinuses) surrounding tissues and organs. Hemolymph reenters heart through pores that have valves. Hemolymph-filled body sinuses are called the hemocoel. Coelom reduced in adults, hemocoel main body cavity. A variety of organs specialized for gas
exchange have evolved in arthropods (insects have tracheal systems, branched air ducts leading to interior from pores in cuticle)

35
Q

Arthopods costs of what 3 major linages that diverged early in the phylums evolution?

A

-Chelicerates (sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites, and spiders)
– Myriapods (centipedes and millipedes)
– Pancrustaceans (lobsters, shrimp, and other crustaceans, as well as insects and their relatives)

36
Q

What are the characteristics of insects?

A

insect body has 3 regions: Head, thorax, abdomen. Segmentation of thorax and abdomen obvious. segments that formhead are fused. They have 3 pairs of legs

37
Q

How is metabolic waste removed from grasshoppers?

A

Metabolic wastes are removed from the hemolymph by excretory organs called Malighian tubules, which are outpocketing of the digestive tract.

38
Q

How does gas exchange occur in grass hoppers?

A

Gas exchange in insects is accomplished by a tracheal system of branched, chitin-lined tubes that infiltrate the body and carry oxygen directly to cells. The tracheal system opens to the outside of the body through spiracles, pores that can control air flow and water loss by opening or closing.

39
Q

What makes up the insect nervous system?

A

The insect nervous system consists of a pair of ventral nerve cords with several segmental ganglia.

40
Q

What are insect mouth parts made of for insects?

A

Insect mouthparts are formed from several pairs of modified appendages. The mouthparts include mandibles, which grasshoppers use for chewing. In other insects, mouthparts are specialized for lapping, piercing, or sucking.

41
Q

How are insect brains formed?

A

The two nerve cords meet in the head, where the ganglia of several anterior segments are fused into a cerebral ganglion (brain). The antennae, eyes, and other sense organs are concentrated on the head.

42
Q

The insect heart drives _____ through an open _____ system.

A

The insect heart drives hemolymph through an open circulatory system.

43
Q

Why is flight beneficial for insects?

A

Flight is a huge success of insects. Helps escape predators, find food/mates, disperse to new habitat. Faster than animals that can only crawl. Many have one or two pairs of wings that emerge from dorsal side of thorax. Wings are extension of cuticle

44
Q

Many insects undergo what during their development?

A

metamorphosis.

45
Q

What is incomplete metamorphosis?

A

In incomplete metamorphosis, of grasshoppers and some other insect groups, the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller, lack wings, and go through a series of moults, with final moult, they reach full size, acquire functional wings, sexually mature.

46
Q

What is complete metamorphosis?

A

Insects with complete metamorphosis have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar. The larval stage looks entirely different from the adult stage.

47
Q

What is the complete metamorphosis of a butterfly?

A

First the larva (caterpillar) spends time eating, growing, and moulting as it grows. After several moults larva develop into a pupa. Within the pupa larval tissue breakdown, adults become built by divisions and differentiation of cells quiescent in the larva. Eventually adult begins to emerge.

48
Q

T or F: Most insects have separate males and females and reproduce sexually.

A

True.

49
Q

How do insects of the same kind recognize each other?

A

Individuals find and recognize members of own
species by bright colours, sounds, or odours

50
Q

For internal fertilization of insects, what stores sperm?

A

Spermatheca

Biology 1002 (20 decks)

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