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Biology 1002 > Notes 16 > Flashcards

Notes 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why have cirulatory systems?

A

They link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body like Gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide), Nutrients, and Hormones

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of exchange?

A

Gastrovascular cavity (not a system), Open circulatory system, Closed circulatory system.

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2
Q

How does gas and nutrient exchange in a
gastrovascular cavity occur?

A

Simple form: Diffusion of gasses and nutrients between environment and cells of the body. Mouth opens into a cavity made of radial canals leading to and from a circular canals. Cilia circulate fluid through the canals

Complex form:Diffusion of gasses and nutrients between environment and cells of the
body. Mouth and pharynx open into a highly branched
cavity

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3
Q

What kinds of organism need circulatory systems?

A

Ones with a larger body size, therefore More complex body plans and Higher metabolic rates.

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4
Q

How do circulatory systems work?

A

Circulatory systems evolved along with specialized
tissues for digestion, and more complex cell-to-cell
communication via hormones. Circulatory systems have vessels and a pumping mechanism (organism specific).

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5
Q

How does an open circulatory system work?

A

Fluid is called hemolymph. The heart pumps
hemolymph into sinuses (spaces surrounding organs).
Chemical exchanges (gases, nutrients) happens in the sinuses. Relaxation of the heart draws hemolymph back into heart

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6
Q

How does a closed ciruclatory system work?

A

Fluid is called blood. The heart pumps
hemolymph into sinuses (spaces surrounding organs).
Chemical exchanges (gases, nutrients) happens between the blood and interstitial flued and between
interstitial fluid and body cells. Blood travels through
branched system of blood vessels in one direction

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7
Q

What parts make up a vertbrate circulatory system?

A
  1. Arteries – carry blood away from the heart
  2. Arterioles – branches of the artery within organs
  3. Capillaries – microscopic blood vessels
  4. Venules – branches of the veins within organs
  5. Veins – carry block back to the heart
  6. The heart chambers- Atrium/atria and Ventricle(s
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8
Q

What are the 4 types of vertabrate circulatory systems?

A

Single circulation (e.g., fish)
 Double circulation
- One circuit between heart and the rest of the body (systemic circuit)
-One circuit between the heart and the respiratory surface (pulmonary
circuit)

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of double circulation?

A

Three types of double circulation
-Pulmocutaneous circuit
-Pulmonary circuit – incomplete septum
-Pulmonary circuit – complete septum

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10
Q

How does single circulation work in fish?

A

One circuit from heart to gas exchange
surface (gill capillaries), body and back to heart.
Heart has a single atrium and single ventricle
Disadvantages are that the heart is not being supplied with oxygen.

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11
Q

How does double circulation work in amphibians (frogs)?

A

One circuit from heart to gas exchange surface (lung and skin capillaries). One circuit from heart to
rest of body. Heart has two separate atria and a ridge in the ventricle to partially separate oxygen rich/oxygen poor blood. Heart gets oxygen rich blood to one side.

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12
Q

How does double circulation work in reptiles (snakes)?

A

One circuit from heart to gas exchange surface
(lung capillaries). One circuit from heart to rest of body. Heart has two separate atria and an incomplete septum in the ventricle to partially separate oxygen-rich/oxygen poor blood. Because its only partially seperated, it is incomplete.

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13
Q

How does double dirculation work in mammals and birds?

A

One circuit from heart to gas exchange surface (lung capillaries). One circuit from heart to rest of body.
Heart has two separate atria and two separate ventricles (4 chambers). Complete because fully separated.

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14
Q

What is the human heart made of?

A

Muscle walls of the ventricles are much thicker than the atria. Valves between the atria and ventricles (atrioventricular valves) and between ventricles and blood vessels (semilunar valves) prevent backflow.

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15
Q

What makes the “lub dub” sound in a human heart beat?

A

The blood recoiling against the AV valves makes a “lub”
sound. Vibration caused by the closing of the semilunar values makes a “dup” sound

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16
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A

Heart murmur - when blood squirts backwards through a defective valve. Can be born with or a results of infection. Does not always impact blood flow efficiency. Can be corrected surgically.

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17
Q

T or F: The pulmonary and systematic circuit happen simultaneously when pumping blood.

A

True

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18
Q

How do heart contractions happen?

A

First Both A and V are relaxed; blood flows from body into atria and then ventricles. Then a contraction forces all blood into ventricles. Last, A relaxed, V contracts to pump blood into the
large arteries (pulmonary artery and aorta

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19
Q

Whata is cardiac output?

A

Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

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20
Q

What is heart rate?

A

rate of contraction (number of beats per
minute)

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21
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a single contraction

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22
Q

What is an ECG (EKG) electrocardiogram?

A

measures electrical impulses produced by the SA node and the AV node

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23
Q

How do pacemakers pump blood?

A

First signals from the sinoatrial node (pacemaker) spread through the atria. The signals are delayed at the atrioventricular node. Bundle branches pass signals to the heart apex and signals spread throughout the ventricles.

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24
Q

What are characteristics of arteries?

A

-Central cavity lined with endothelium (single layer of flattened epithelial cells
-Smooth muscle and connective tissue to aid in support and contraction
-Connective tissue is much thicker and stronger, giving arteries elastic walls
-No valves

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25
Q

What are the characetristics of veins?

A

-Central cavity lined with endothelium (single layer of flattened epithelial cells
-Smooth muscle and connective tissue to aid in support and contraction
-Wall is about 1/3 size of an artery
- Valves to maintain unidirectional blood flow at low pressure

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26
Q

Why do arteries not have valves?

A

Because there is so much pressure from the heart that the blood can only flow in one direction.

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27
Q

Arterioles are smaller than arteries and capillaries are smaller than arterioles, yet blood flow slows as it moves into capillaries. Why is this?

A

The surface area of capillaries is much bigger than arteries or veins. Pressure drops from heart through to the veins.

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28
Q

How many capillaries are in the human Body?

A

7 billion

29
Q

How do blood pressure cuffs work?

A

The cuff is inflated until the pressure closes the artery. The pressure on the gauge exceeds that in the artery.The cuff deflates gradually. As it reaches a pressure just below the pressure in the artery, the sounds of blood flowing can be heard in the stethoscope. The pressure in the gauge is thesystolic pressure. The cuff deflates until the blood flows freely and the sounds
disappear. The pressure in the gauge is the
diastolic pressure.

30
Q

What percentage of your capillaries have blood flowing through them right now?

A

5-10%

31
Q

Capillaries have no smooth muscles so blood flow is regulated with what?

A

the smooth muscle contraction in the arteriole or the precapillary sphincters.

32
Q

Movement of fluids between capillaries and surrounding tissues is via what?

A

endocytosis and exocytosis of the endothelium, diffusion, or via the pores.

33
Q

Movement of fluid out of capillaries is via ___ ___ and movement of fluid into the capillaries is via ____ ____.

A

blood pressure, blood proteins.

34
Q

How much blood does your body have?

A

about 5L

35
Q

Human blood is made up of what 2 components?

A

Plasma (55%) and cellular elements (45%)

36
Q

What is blood plasma made of?

A

Plasma is 90% water, and has serum which is plasma from which clotting factors have been removed.

37
Q

What are blood cellular elements made of?

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are the most numerous. There are 25 trillion erythrocytes in your body. There are 5 types of leukocytes (white blood cells). Platelets are pinched-off cytoplasmic fragments of bone marrow cells.

38
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Lack nuclei, Lack mitochondria, Small biconcave disks, Lack of nucleus means more room for
hemoglobin proteins. Hemoglobin is an iron-
containing protein that transports O2.

39
Q

What are leucocytes?

A

5 types:neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes. Their main function is to fight infections. They travel outside the circulatory system and can be found in interstitial fluid and the lymphatic system.

40
Q

What are platelets?

A

Pinched off cytoplasm of specialized bone marrow cells, 2-3 μm, Aid in blood clotting

41
Q

What happens during a cut at the blood cell level?

A

Damaged blood vessel endothelium exposes connective tissue in the vessel wall to blood. Platelets in the blood attach to collagen fibres in the connective tissue. This makes nearby platelets sticky. The then Platelets form a plug
to prevent blood loss. In larger breaks, the
plug is reinforced by fibrin threads

42
Q

What happens during a cut for the sub cellular level?

A

A protein called fibrinogen circulates in blood and is an inactive form of coagulant. When there is a cut, platelets release a clotting factor. This triggers a enzymatic cascade that leads to formation of the protein (enzyme) thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin. Fibrin aggregates into threads to form a clot.

43
Q

What is gas exchange vs respiration?

A

Gas exchange; Uptake of molecular O2 from
the environment and discharge of CO2 to the environment. Happens in nostrils/tracheal
lungs (human)
Respiration: Cellular process referring to the
energy transformation of sugars to ATP. Happens in gills (fish)

44
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

Partial pressure: the pressure exerted by a gas or mixture of gasses.Gasses always diffuse from regions of higher partial pressure to regions of lower partial pressure.

45
Q

What happens with sickle cell anemia?

A

Hemoglobin cannot attach to blood cell because it is deformed

46
Q

When in equilibrium, the partial pressure of gasses in air ____ that in water. However, concentrations differ because gases are ____
soluble in water than in air. More difficult to extract oxygen from ____ than ____.

A

When in equilibrium, the partial pressure of gasses in air equal that in water. However, concentrations differ because gases are less
soluble in water than in air. More difficult to extract oxygen from water than air

47
Q

What are some characteristics of respiratory surfaces?

A

Cells that carry out gas exchange have a plasma membrane that must be in contact with a solution; therefore all respiratory surfaces are always moist. Gas exchange always takes place via diffusion. Diffusion is fastest when the area for diffusion is large and the path is short. This influences morphology of respiratory surfaces. They tend to be large and thin

48
Q

How do gills work?

A

Out-foldings of the surface of the body suspended in water. Movement of the gills in water (ventilation) maintains the partial pressure gradients necessary for gas exchange. There are different strategies for this.

49
Q

How do lungs work?

A

Lungs are infoldings of the body. The gas exchange surface of the lung is not in direct contact with the rest of the body; thus the circulatory system bridges this gap and moves gases to/from the lungs/rest of body.

50
Q

What are the parts and functions of the lungs?

A

Air enters via nostrils; nose hairs filter out particles, sample odors, and warm and humidify the air. Air travels down the trachea (windpipe). The larynx contains muscular bands called vocal cords. Air passing these makes sounds. Trachea separates into two bronchi (one to each lung). Each bronchus branches into finer and minor tubes called bronchioles. The epithelium of the “tree” is covered mucus which traps particulates and cilia which beat these back upward to the
pharynx, where it can be swallowed.

51
Q

At the end of each bronchiole are air sacs
called alveoli. Humans have millions of
alveoli. What is the total surface
of the alveoli?

A

100m^2

52
Q

What is positive pressure breathing?

A

Inspiration: Nostrils open, buccal cavity expands.
Nostrils close, glottis opens, buccal cavity contracts and lungs expand.
Expiration: The buccal cavity expands, lung contracts. nostrils open, the glottis closes, and the buccal cavity contracts.

53
Q

What is bellows breathing?

A

Efficient because air passes over the gas exchange surface in only one direction. Incoming fresh air does not mix with the air that has already carried out gas exchange. First inhalation goes to the lungs, second goes to posterior air sacs, second inhalation goes back to lungs, and second exhalation goes through anterior air sacs and then out. (DIagram on slide 60)

54
Q

What is negative pressure breathing?

A

Pulling air in, rather than pushing it into the lungs. Muscle contraction actively expands the thoracic cavity; this lowers the pressure in the
lungs to below that of the outside world. Gas flows from high to low pressure, so can travel down the breathing tubes to alveoli/.

55
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

How much air you inhale/exhale

56
Q

What is human tidal volume at rest?

A

500mL

57
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

tidal volume during maximal inhalation and exhalation

58
Q

What is your max vital capacity if female?

A

3.4L

59
Q

What is your max vital capacity if male?

A

4.8L

60
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Air that remains in lungs after a forced exhalation

61
Q

Mixing fresh air with oxygen depleted air means the maximum PO in the alveoli is always ___ than the atmosphere.

A

Less

62
Q

How does homeostasis work with regard to breathing?

A

If blood pH falls due to rising levels of CO2 in tissues (such as when exercising):
1. Sensors in the major blood vessels detect a decrease in blood pH (carotid arteries, aorta)
2. The medulla detects a decrease in pH of cerebrospinal fluid.
3. Signals from medulla to rib muscles and diaphragm increase rate and depth of ventilation.
4.Blood CO2 level falls and pH rises.

63
Q

How are the gas exchange system and circulatory system combined?

A

As breathing increases, circulation does too, so that
exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and lungs is
maintained. Movement of gases between alveoli and blood vessels is influenced by partial pressures. Pigments in the blood (respiratory pigments) facilitate
this.

64
Q

T or F: Partial pressures of O2 and CO2 have a greater difference during the inhale into the body, vs the exhale.

A

True

65
Q

When exercising a person requires how much oxygen/minute?

A

2L

66
Q

At normal body temperature, how many mLs of oxygen is dissolved in 1 L of blood?

A

4.5mL

67
Q

If 80% of that O2 could be delivered to the tissue, this
would require pumping how much blood/minute?

A

555L

68
Q

What are respiratory pigments?

A

Pigments are proteins that circulate with blood and bind to specific cells. E.g., Hemoglobin binds to erythrocytes (red blood cells).Each iron atom can bind 4 molecules of O2. 4 iron atoms per hemoglobin
molecule

69
Q

How do animals adapt to different altitudes?

A

Birds can breathe at high altitudes because they inhale
fresh air each breath. High-altitude animals often have elevated hemoglobin. Diving mammals slow their metabolism and store oxygen in blood rather than lungs (via myoglobin)

Biology 1002 (20 decks)

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