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Biology 1002 > Notes 3 > Flashcards

Notes 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Factors that alter leaf size, pattern and height?

A

atmospheric CO2 levels, water availability, and temp

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function.

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

An organ consists of several types of tissues that carry out particular functions.

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4
Q

Examples of organs?

A

A maple leaf is an example of an organ, a body part that carries out a particular function. Stems and roots are the other major organs of plants.

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5
Q

What do plants take from above and below ground?

A

Plants take water and minerals from underground and light + CO2 from above ground.

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6
Q

3 organs in plants?

A

Three basic organs involved are roots, stems and leaves. They are organized in a root system and a shoot system.

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7
Q

Roots rely on___ and shoots rely on _____?

A

Roots rely on sugar produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system and shoots rely on water and minerals absorbed by the root system.

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8
Q

Monocot characteristics?

A

-one cotyledon
-veins usually parallel
-vasulcar tissue scattered
-root system usually fibrous (no main root)
-pollen grain with one opening
-floral organs usually in multiples of 3

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9
Q

Eudicot characteristics?

A

-two cotyledons
-veins usually netlike
-vasular tissue arranged in ring
-main root present
-pollen grain with 3 openings
-Floral organs usually in multiples of 4 or 5

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10
Q

Functions of the root?

A

A root has important functions like anchoring the plant, absorbing water and minerals, and storing carbs,

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11
Q

The primary root is___?

A

The primary root is the first root to emerge from the germinating seed

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12
Q

The root systems are?

A

Taproot: the main vertical root
Lateral: branches off the main root

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13
Q

Most monocots have what kind of root system?

A

Most monocots have a fibrous root system, a thick mat of slender roots spreading out below soil surface

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14
Q

Adventitious (a plant organ that grows from an unusual spot) roots arise from where?

A

Adventitious (a plant organ that grows from an unusual spot) roots arise from the base of stems.

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15
Q

Absorption of water occurs where?

A

in most plants absorption of water and minerals occurs near root tips

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16
Q

Whats the purpose of root hairs?

A

root hairs near the root tip increase surface area of the roots.

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17
Q

What are prop roots?

A

Prop roots are aerial roots of hala trees, support tall top heavy trees.

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18
Q

what are storage roots?

A

Storage roots like beets store food and water

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19
Q

What are green roots?

A

Green roots come from plant species that have no leaves, roots perform photosynthesis.

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20
Q

What are air roots?

A

Pneumatophores (air roots) like mangroves in tidal swamps, project above water surface so roots can get oxygen

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21
Q

What are aerial roots?

A

Aerial roots like the seeds of strangler fig germinate in branches of other trees send roots to the ground. Wraps around the host tree, then the host tree dies from shading.

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22
Q

What is a stem?

A

A stem is an organ that raises separates leave (sunlight) and raises reproductive structures (disperses pollen and fruit). A stem consists of an alternating system of nodes ( the points where leaves are attached) and internodes (thet stem segments between nodes).

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23
Q

What is an axillary bud?

A

An axillary bud is a structure that can form a lateral shoot or a branch.

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24
Q

Where is an apical bud or terminal bud?

A

An apical bud or terminal bud is located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot.

25
Q

Apical dominance helps what?

A

Apical dominance helps maintain dormancy in most axillary buds.

26
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

Rhizomes have modified stems, there is a horizontal shoot that grows just below the surface and vertical shoots that emerge from axillary buds on the rhizome.

27
Q

What are stolens?

A

Stolens have horizontal shoots that grow along the surface. These runners allow a plant to reproduce asexually.

28
Q

What are tubers?

A

Tubers are enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolens that are specialized for food storage.

29
Q

Whats the main photosynthetic organ of vasular plants?

A

The leaf is the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants which usually consist of a flattened blade and a petiole ( a stalk that joins the leaf to the stem at a node).In grasses and other monocots the base of the leaf forms a sheath that envelops that stem.

30
Q

Whats the difference in monocots and eudicots?

A

Monocots and eudicots differ by the arrangement of their veins (mono has parallel and eudi has branched)

31
Q

How to taxonomists classify angiosperms?

A

To classify angiosperms, taxonomists may use leaf morphology as criteria. A simple leaf has a single undivided blade. A compound leaf has a blade that consists of multiple leaflets.

32
Q

A leaflet has no ____ at its base?

A

A leaflet has no axillary buds at its base. In some plants each leaflet is further divided into smaller leaflets.

33
Q

Each plant organ has what 3 tissues?

A

Each plant organ has dermal, vascular, and ground tissues. Each category forms a tissue system which is continuous throughout the plant.

34
Q

Whats the function of dermal tissue?

A

The dermal tissue system provides a protective cover for the entire body of the plant.

35
Q

Whats the function of vascular tissue?

A

The vascular tissue system transports materials between root and shoot systems, is continuous, and arranged differently in each organ. The vascular tissue system facilitates long distance transport of materials between roots and shoots and provides mechanical support.

36
Q

Whats the function of ground tissue?

A

The ground tissue system is responsible for metabolic functions, located between the dermal tissue and vascular tissue in each organ. Ground tissue includes cells specialized for storage, photosynthesis, and support.

37
Q

What is the dermal tissue consist of in non woody plants?

A

In non woody plants the dermal tissue system consists of the epidermis (outer layer of tightly packed cells)

38
Q

Whats the function of a cuticle?

A

In leaves and most stems a waxy coating called a cuticle helps prevent water loss from the epidermis

39
Q

In woody plants protective tissues called the _____ replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots.

A

periderm

40
Q

What are the 2 vasular systems?

A

Xylem and Phloem

41
Q

What is xylem?

A

Xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into shoots

42
Q

What is phloem?

A

Phloem transports sugars, the product of photosynthesis, from where they are made (leaves) to where they are needed (roots, sites of growth eg developing leaves, fruits)

43
Q

What is the stele?

A

The vascular tissue of a stem or root is collectively called the stele.

44
Q

Whats the stele in angiosperms?

A

In angiosperms the stele of the root is a solid central vascular cylinder of xylem and phloem. The stele of stems and leaves is divided into vascular bundles, separate strand containing xylem and phloem.

45
Q

Tissues that are neither dermal or vascular are the ____ system

A

Ground tissue system

46
Q

Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue is what?

A

Pith

47
Q

Ground tissue external to the vascular tissue is the ____

A

Cortex

48
Q

A plant can grow throughout its life, a property called what?

A

Interdeterminate growth

49
Q

Some plant organs stop growing at a certain size called

A

determinate growth.

50
Q

Meristems are what?

A

Meristems are perpetually dividing, unspecialized tissues that allow for indeterminate growth.

51
Q

What are the 2 types of meristems?

A

Apical and Lateral

52
Q

What are apical meristems?

A

Apical meristems are located at the tips of roots and shoots and in axillary buds of roots. Elongates shoots and roots in a process called primary growth. Allows roots to extend through the soil and shoots to increase exposure. In herbaceous plants, primary growth produces almost all the plant body.

53
Q

What are lateral meristems?

A

Lateral meristems: adds thickness to woody plants in a process called secondary growth. There are 2 types of lateral meristems, vascular cambium and cork cambium. Vascular cambium adds layers of vascular tissues called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem. Cork cambium replaces the epidermis with periderm which is thicker and tougher.

54
Q

What do meristems give rise to?

A

Meristems give rise to initials, also call stem cells which remain in the meristem, and derivatives which become specialized in mature tissues.

55
Q

During each growing season, primary growth ____ shoots, and secondary growth ____ parts formed in previous years.

A

Extends, thickens

56
Q

Flowering plants are categorized based on what?

A

Flowering plants can be categorized based on the length of their life cycle

57
Q

Annuals complete their lifecycle in how long?

A

Annuals complete their life cycle (from germination to flowering seed production to death) in a year or less. (many wildflowers, legumes, cereal grains)

58
Q

Biennials require how many growing seasons?

A

Biennials require two growing seasons to complete life cycle, flowering and fruiting in second years

59
Q

T or F: Perennials live for short periods of time.

A

False. Perennials live for many years (shrubs trees grasses)

Biology 1002 (20 decks)

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