Notes 1

Question 1

Why are extenstive roots and woody trunks beneficial?

Answer 1

They can take in more nutrients

Question 2

Benefit of fern like leaves?

Answer 2

Large SA for photosynthesis

Question 3

Why are female seeds larger than male seeds?

Answer 3

its cheap to make many sperm, energetically expensive to make the one egg

Question 4

T or F: Land plants include algae

Answer 4

False

Question 5

What are the closest relative to land plants without actually being land plants?

Answer 5

Green algae called charophytes

Question 6

What are the traits which make charophytes similar to land plants?

Answer 6

Rings of cellulose-synthesizing algae, Structure of flagellated sperm, Formation of phragmoplast.

Question 7

what is phragmoplast?

Answer 7

group of microtubules that forms between daughter nuclei of a dividing cell, cell plate then develops in the middle of phragmoplast

Question 8

T or F:Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins embedded in the plasma membrane are found only in land plants and charophyte algae.

Answer 8

True. They synthesize cellulose microfibrils of the cell wall.

Question 9

Charophytes have a layer of durable polymer called what that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out?

Answer 9

Sporopollin. also found in plant spore walls

Question 10

What are the benefits of movement onto land of charophyte ancestors?

Answer 10

unfiltered sun, more CO2, nutrient-rich soil, and few herbivores/pathogens.

Question 11

We define plants as _______.

Answer 11

Embryophytes

Question 12

What are the 5 key traits that appear in almost all land plants but are absent in charophytes?

Answer 12

-Alterations of generations
-Multicellular, dependant embryos
-Walled spores produced in sporangia
-Multicellular gametangia
-Apical meristems

Question 13

What is a derived trait?

Answer 13

a trait which is absent in a common ancestor instead of evolving independently in the descendant

Question 14

The gametophyte is _____ and produces _______ gametes by _______

Answer 14

The gametophyte is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis

Question 15

Fusion of gametes gives rise to the _____ sporophyte which produces ______ spurs by ______.

Answer 15

Fusion of gametes gives rise to the diploid sporophyte which produces haploid spurs by meiosis.

Question 16

5 general steps of alterations of generations for land plants.

Answer 16

First the gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis, the two gametes unite (fertilization) to form a diploid sporophyte. The zygote develops into a multicellular diploid sporophyte, then the sporophyte produces unicellular haploid spores by meiosis, and finally, the spores develop into multicellular haploid gametophytes.

Question 17

What is a mulitcellular dependant embryo?

Answer 17

Multicellular dependant embryos relate to when the diploid embryo is retained within the tissues of the female parent gametophyte for protections. Nutrients are transferred from parents to embryos through placental transfer cells. Land plants are called embryophytes because of this.

Question 18

What are walled spores?

Answer 18

Walled spores produced in sporangia relate to when the sporophyte produces spurs in organs called sporangia and diploid cells called sporocytes undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores. Spore walls contain sporopollenin which makes them resistant to harsh environments.

Question 19

What is multicellular gametangia?

Answer 19

Multicellular gametangia relates to when gametes are produced within organs called gametangia. Female gametangia are called archegonia and produce eggs; site of fertilization. Male gametangia called antheridia produce and release sperm.

Question 20

What are apical meristems?

Answer 20

Apical meristems relate to plant growth in length sustained throughout life by the activity of apical meristems (localized regions of cell divisions at tips of roots and shoots). It is good to grow long for competition. Cells differentiate into productive outer epidermis and various types of internal tissues. Shoot apical meristems also generate leaves.

Question 21

Whats the cuticle?

Answer 21

The cuticle of plants is a waxy covering of the epidermis which protects from water loss (desiccation) and microbial attacks.

Question 22

What is mycorrhizae?

Answer 22

Mycorrhizae is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and land plants which may have helped plants without true roots obtain nutrients.

Question 23

How many phyla of plants are still in existance?

Answer 23

10

Question 24

Plant plants can be informally grouped based on the presence or lack of what?

Answer 24

vascular tissue

Question 25

What is vasular tissue?

Answer 25

Vascular tissue is cells joined into tubes to transport water and nutrients in the plant body. Most plants have vascular tissue, those that do are called vascular plants. Nonvascular plants are called bryophytes. (liverworts, mosses, hornworts)

Question 26

T or F: Bryophytes are monophyletic.

Answer 26

False: Bryophytes are not monophyletic, their relationship to each other and vascular plants are unresolved. They lack tissues specialized for support and conduction.

Question 27

T or F: seeds are packed with a nutrient supply within a protective layer.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What are the 2 clades of seedless vascular plants?

Answer 28

Seedless vascular plants are divided into clades Lycophytes (club mosses and their relatives) and monilophytes (ferns and their relatives)

Question 29

What are the 2 types of seed plants?

Answer 29

Seed plants form a clade (seedless vasular plants don’t) and can be divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms based on absence or presence of enclosed chambers which in seeds mature

Question 30

Gymnosperms are:

Answer 30

The naked seed plants (gymno=naked, sperm=seed) and Includes conifers

Question 31

Angiosperms are:

Answer 31

The flowering plants (angion=container), and have seeds develop in chambers called ovaries which originate within flowers and mature into fruits (90% of living plant species)

Question 32

3 phyla of nonwoody (herbacous) plants are what?

Answer 32

-Liverworts (Phylum Hepatophyta)
-Mosses (phylum Bryophyta)
-Hornworts (Phylum Anthocerophyta

Question 33

In all the bryophyte phyla what is the dominant stage?

Answer 33

In all 3 bryophyte phyla the haploid gametes are the dominant stage of the life cycle (longer living and larger than sporophytes). sporophyte generation is dominant in other plants

Question 34

What are sporophytes dependant on/lifecycle?

Answer 34

Sporophytes are dependant on gametophyte, small, and short lived
-In other land plants, sporophytes are independent, large, and long lived.

Question 35

Life cycles of moss:

Answer 35

First spores develop into threadlike protonemata, then haploid protonemata produce buds that divide by mitosis and grow into gametophytes. Sperm must swim through a film of moisture to reach the egg, then a zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo. The sporophyte grows along the stalk (seta) that emerges from that archegonium. Attached by its foot, the sporophyte remains nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte. Meiosis occurs and the haploid spores develop in the capsule. When it matures, the lid pops off and the spores are released.

Question 36

Sporophyte anatomy:

Answer 36

A sporophyte consists of a foot, seta and sporangium also called a capsule, which discharges spores through the peristome. (Hornwort and moss sporophytes have stomata for gas exchange, but liverworts don’t.)

Question 37

Why is sphagnum important?

Answer 37

Sphagnum or peat moss, forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material known as peat. Peat can be used as a source of fuel
Sphagnum is a global reservoir of fuel. Overharvesting sphagnum or dropping water levels in peatlands could release stored CO2 into the atmosphere.

Question 38

What restricts seedless vasular plants to moist environments?

Answer 38

Seedless vascular plants have flagellated sperm that are usually restricted to moist environments

Question 39

What are vasular plants characterized by?

Answer 39

Living vascular plants are characterized by life cycles with dominant sporophytes, vascular tissues called xylem and phloem, and well-developed roots and leaves.

Question 40

Whats the difference in sporophytes and gametophytes?

Answer 40

Sporophytes are longer generations, gametophytes are tiny plants that grow on or below the soil surface.

Question 41

Fern life cycle:

Answer 41

First sporangia release spores. Most produce a single type of spore that develops into a bisexual photosynthetic gametophyte. Each gametophyte develops sperm-producing organs called antheridia and egg-producing organs called archegonia. Typically an egg from one is fertilized by a sperm from another. Sperm use flagella to swim to eggs in the archegonia. An attractant is secreted by the archegonia helps direct the sperm. A zygote develops into a new sporophyte and the young plant grows out from an archgonium of its parent. On the underside of the sporophyte leaves are spots called sori. Each sorus is a cluster of sporangia.

Question 42

2 types of vasular tissue are:

Answer 42

Xylem and phloem

Question 43

What is xylem?

Answer 43

The xylem conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead tube-shaped cells called tracheids. Water-conducting cells are strengthened by lignin and provide structural support.

Question 44

What is phloem?

Answer 44

Phloem consists of living cells that are arranged into tubes, and distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products.

Question 45

What are roots?

Answer 45

Roots are organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil and anchor vascular plants, allowing the shoot system to grow taller. Roots may have evolved from the lowest portions of belowground stems in ancient vascular plants.

Question 46

The classifications of leaves are:

Answer 46

-Microphylls: Only in lycophytes, leaves that are small, spine-shaped, with a single vein
-Megaphylls: In all other vascular plants, leaves are larger with a highly branched vascular system.

Question 47

Milestone of the evolution of plants?

Answer 47

One milestone of the evolution of plants was the emergence of sporophylls, modified leaves of sporangia that vary greatly in structure.
Fern sporophylls produce sori, clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls.

Question 48

What are strobili?

Answer 48

Strobili are cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls, found on many lycophytes and most gymnosperms.

Question 49

T or F: Most seedless vasular plants are homosporous.

Answer 49

True. Most seedless vascular plants are homosporous: they have one type of sporangium that produces one type of spores that typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte, as in most ferns.All seed plants and a few seedless vascular plants are heterosporous, they have 2 types of sporangia and produce 2 kinds of spores.

Question 50

Difference in megaspores and microspores?

Answer 50

Megaspores develop into female gametophytes and microspores develop into male gametophytes

Question 51

2 phyla of seedless vasular plants:

Answer 51

Phylum lycophyta includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts.
Phylum monilophyta includes fern, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives.

Question 52

T or F: club mosses are true mosses.

Answer 52

False. Club mosses and spike mosses have vascular tissues and are not true mosses.