Notes 11 Flashcards
What are the characteristics that define the kingdom Animalia?
Nutritional mode, cell structure and specialization, and reproduction and development.
Plants are ____trophs
Autotrophs
Fungi are ___trophs.
heterotrophs (secrete enzymes, absorb nutrient)
Animals are ____trophs.
Heterotrophs. They cannot construct all their own organic molecules. They obtain organic molecules from the food that they ingest and use enzymes to digest the food within their bodies.
Animals are multicellular _____.
Animals are multicellular eukaryotes. They lack cell walls and instead protein external to cell membrane provide structural support to animal cells and connect them to one another. Must abundant is collagen which is only in animals.
Cells of most animals are organized into what?
Cells of most animals are organized into tissues, groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit.
What are the 2 defining tissues in animals?
Muscle tissue (movement) and nervous tissue (conducting nervous impulses) are unique defining characteristics of animals.
What type of reproduction do animals use?
Most animals reproduce sexually and the diploid stage is the longest of the life cycle. Metotic divison produces haploid sperm and egg cells. Most species have small flagellated sperm that fertilizes a larger non motile egg forming a diploid zygote.
How does early embryonic development in animals occur?
First,a sperm fertilizes an egg and the zygoate undergoes a series of mitotic cell divisions called cleavage. The 8 cell embryo is formed by 3 rounded of cell divisions. Cleavage produces a multicellular stage called a blastula. Blastula is a hollow ball of cells surrounding a cavity called the blastocoel. Following blastula stage is the process of gastrulation. One end fold inward producing layers of embryonic tissue (ectoderm=outer layer, endoderm=inner layer). The resulting developmental stage is called the gastrula. A pouch is formed by gastrulation called the archenteron which opens to outside via blastopore. The endoderm of the archenteron develops into tissue lining animals’ digestive tract.
Most animals have at least how many larval stages?
At least 1.
What are the characteristics of a larva?
-sexually immature
-morphologically distinct from adult
-different food
-possibly different habitat than adult
Animal larvae eventually undergo what to become juvenile?
Metamorphosis.
Juveniles have what characteristics?
Resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature
What type of genes are limited to animals?
Most animals and only animals have hox genes regulating development of body form. Although the hox family of genes is highly conserved, it can produce a wide diversity of animal morphology.
What is a body plan?
A body plan is a particular set of morphological and developmental traits integrated into a functional whole- the living animal. Body plans are a way to compare and contrast animal features. Animal body plans have evolved over time.
what is the most identifiable characteristic of animal bodies?
A basic feature of animal bodies is therir type of symmetry or absence of symmetry. Many sponges lack symmetry altogether and some have radial symmetry like a flower pot. Any imagainry slice through the central axis divides the animal into mirror images. Have oral of aboral sides but no LR/BF. 2 sided symmetry is called bilateral symmetry. Bilateral symmetrical animals have a dorsal side and a ventral side, a L and R side, and an anterior and posterior end.
Where is sensory equipment in an animal?
Many also have sensory “equiptment” concentrated at the anterior end, including the brain (development of a head), which is called cephalization. Ends with sense organs and brain encounters environment first: advantages like detecting prey and predators.
Radial animals are one of what 2 things?
Radial animals are often sessile (living attached to a substrate) or planktonic (drifting or weakly swimming). Their symmetry allows them to meet the environment equally well from all sides.
T or F: Bilateral animals usually stay in one place.
False. Bilateral animals often move actively from place to place and have a central nervous system, which allows them to coordinate complex movements involved with crawling, burrowing, flying, and swimming.
Animals body plans vary based on what?
the organization of the animal’s tissues
