Notes 15 Flashcards
An animals diet must supply ____ ____ and building blocks.
chemical energy
Chemical energy in the form of _____ fuels all cellular processes
ATP. It comes from the breakdown of carbs
What are the building blocsk of macro molecules?
Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids from food
can be used as building blocks for molecules needed
for things like Growth, Maintenance, Reproduction
What are the 3 essential nutrients?
Amino acids, Fatty acids, Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals)
Most animals can synthesize about ___ of these Amino acids as long as their diet has sulpha and organic nitrogen.
Half. The rest come from food.
Humans require ___ animo acids while infants require ____.
8,9
Whats a complete diet vs an incomplete?
Complete would contain all necessary amino acids, while incomeplete would be missing some if eaten alone ( beans or rice alone). Eating these 2 together would make it complete.
How are fatty acids used in the human and animal bodies?
Animals can synthesize many fatty acids needed these
using enzymes. Those they cannot synthesize are called essential. In humans linoleic acid is essential – common in many grains, vegetables, seeds. Fatty acids have specific signatures that get deposited in tissue based on diet.
What is a vitamin?
A vitamin is a substance that makes you ill if you don’t eat it.
What vitamins lack in someone with rickets?
Vitamin D
What vitamins lack in someone with anemia?
Iron
What vitamins lack in someone with scurvy?
Vitamin C
Scurvy was first documented by who?
Hippocrates and the Egyptians, and the by the crusaders in the 13th century. In the 1700s the british navy lost more sailors to scurvy than all in action combined.
What was the first clinical trial for scurvy?
Physician James lind took 12 scurvy ridden sailors in teams of 2 and gave one of the following to each teams: Cider, sulferic acid, vinegar, seawater, oranges and lemons, and spices and barley water. Figured out that the citrus fruit cured it (high in vitamin C) and precribed rations.
The british navy cut costs by doing what for scurvy patients?
Bought limes instead of higher vitamin C citrus fruits and boiled them which reduced Vitamin content even more.
Why did the arctic Inuit not have sucrvy but arctic explorers did?
Blubber and raw meat are high in vitamin C.
What is ingestion?
Ingestion of small particles suspended in the water.
Water is swept over mouth parts via cilia (e.g., clams, oysters) or swallowed (e.g., whales); food particles are trapped in either mucus or baleen
What are substrate feeders?
Eat the thing you live on (or in)! e.g., caterpillars, maggots
What are fluid feeders?
Suck nutrient-rich fluid from a host. e.g., biting flies that suckmammalian blood e.g., aphids that tap
phloem sap of plants
What are bulk feeders?
Animals that Eat large pieces of food Requires multiple adaptations (e.g.,tentacles, claws, sharp teeth, jaws, poisonous fangs)
What is digestion physically? What is digestion chemically?
Physical Breaks food into smaller pieces.
Chemical Breaks food particles into smaller molecules that can be absorbed (usually via enzyme)
What do digestive compartments do?
Compartments allow animals to digest their
food without digesting their own cells and tissues
