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Biology 1002 > Notes 14 > Flashcards

Notes 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The study of biological form of an organism

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of biological functions an ogranism performs

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3
Q

T or F: Form and function are closely related

A

True

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4
Q

What affects the way an animal interacts with its environment?

A

Size and shape

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5
Q

What do physical laws constrain?

A

Strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange

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6
Q

As animals increase in size their skeletons must be proportionately ____ to support their mass

A

Larger

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7
Q

What does evolutionary convergence do?

A

Reflects different speceis adapations to a similar enviornmental change

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8
Q

Rate of exchaneg must be _____ to cells surface area

A

Proportional. Amount of exchange is proportionate to cells volume

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9
Q

What kinds of materials are exhcanged across the animal cells membranes?

A

nutrients, waste products, and gasses

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10
Q

Tissues make up ____ which together make ____ ____

A

Organs, organ systems.

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11
Q

T or F: Organs can only belong to one organs system.

A

False. Organs like the pancreas belong to more than one organ system.

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12
Q

What are the organ systems in mammals?

A

Digestive, circulatory, respiratory, immune and lymphatic, excretory, endocrine, reproductive, nervous, integumentary, skeletal, and muscular.

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13
Q

Tissues are classifed into what 4 categories?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

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14
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Covers the outside of th ebody and lines organs and cavities within the body. Contains cells that are closely joined.

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15
Q

What shapes can epithelial cells be?

A

Cuboidal (like dice), columnar (like bricks) or squamous (like floor tiles)

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16
Q

What are the possible arrangements of epithelical cells?

A

-Simple (single cell layer)
-stratified (multiple tiers of cells)
-pseudostratiefied (a single layer of cells varying in length)

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17
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Mainly binds and supports other tissues. Contains sparsley packed cells scattered throughout the extracellular matrix. Consists of fibres in a liquid, jelly like, or solid foundation.

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18
Q

What ae the 3 types of connective tissue fibre?

A

Collagenous fibres provides strength and flexibility, elastic fibres stretch and snap back to their original length, and reticular fibres join connective tissues to adjacent tissues.

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts that secrete the protein of extracellular fibres.
Macrophages that are involved in the immune system.

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20
Q

In vertebrates, the fibres and foundation comine to form what 6 major types of connective tissue?

A
  1. Loose connective tissue binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place.
    2.Cartilage is a strong anf felxible support material.
  2. Fibrous connective tissue found in tendons which attaches muscles to bones, and found in ligamnets which connect bones at joints.
    4.Adipose tissue stores fat for insulation and fuel.
    5.Blood composed of blood cells and cell fragments in the blood plasma.
    6.Bone is mineralized and forms the skeleton.
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21
Q

Tendons attach ____ to ____, and found in ligaments which connect _____ at _____.

A

Tendons which attaches muscles to bones, and found in ligaments which connect bones at joints.

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22
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Muscle tissue consists of long cells called muscle fibres which contract in response to nerve signals

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissues?

A

Skeletal muscle (striated muscle) which is responsible for voluntary movement, smooth muscle which is responsible for involuntary body activity, and cardiac muscle which is responsible for contraction of the heart.

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24
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Nervous tissue senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal

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25
Q

What does nervous tissue contain?

A

Neurons, or nerve cells, that transmit nerve impulses, and glial cells, or glia, that help nourish, insulate and replenish neurons.

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26
Q

Control and cooridination are dependant on what 2 systems?

A

The endocrine and the nervous system

27
Q

The endocrine systems transmits chemical signals called hormones to where?

A

Receptive cells throughout the body via blood.

28
Q

T or F: A hormone can only affect 1 region of the body

A

False.

29
Q

Hormones are relatively ____ acting, but can have ___ term affects.

A

slow, long

30
Q

Information conveyed by the nervous system to specific parts of the body depnds on what?

A

The signals pathways, not the type of signal.

31
Q

Nerve impulses can be recieved by what 4 things?

A

Neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, and exocrine cells.

32
Q

What are regulators?

A

Regulators use internal control mechanims to moderate internal change in face of external environmental fluctuations

33
Q

What are conformers?

A

Conformers allows internal conditon to vary with certain external changes.

34
Q

What is the difference in aquatic regulators and conformers?

A

Regulators like a river otter keep their body temp the same, while conformers like largemouth bass change body temp based on water temp.

35
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

maintain a “steady state” or
internal balance regardless
of external environment

36
Q

How does homeostasis work?

A

For a given variable, fluctuations
above or below a set point serve as
a stimulus; these are detected by a
sensor and trigger a response. The response returns the variable to
the set point

37
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Dynamic equilibrium of homeostasis
maintained by negative feedback,
returns variable to normal range. Most homeostatic control systems function by negative feedback, where buildup of end product shuts system off.

38
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Positive feedback amplifies a stimulus
and does not usually contribute to
homeostasis in animals

39
Q

Homeostasis can adjust to changes in external
environment, a process called _____.

A

acclimatization

40
Q

Whats a circadian rhythm?

A

Circadian rhythm governs physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours. Occurs in other
animals and plants.

41
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

Thermoregulation is process by which animals
maintain an internal temperature within a
tolerable range.Endothermic animals generate heat by metabolism (birds and mammals). Ectothermic animals gain heat from external
sources (most invertebrates, fishes,
amphibians, and nonavian reptiles)

42
Q

Do ecto or endo therms have a greater external temp? Internal temp?

A

In general, endotherms active at a greater range of external temperatures While, ectotherms tolerate greater variation in internal temperature

43
Q

_____thermy is more energetically expensive
than ____thermy.

A

Endothermy is more energetically expensive
than ectothermy.

44
Q

Organisms exchange heat by what four physical processes?

A

radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction

45
Q

Heat regulation in mammals often
involves what system?

A

The integumentary system: skin,
hair, and nails

46
Q

What are the five adaptations that help animals
thermoregulate?

A

Insulation, Circulatory adaptations, Cooling by evaporative heat loss, Behavioural responses, Adjusting metabolic heat production.

47
Q

How does insulation help animals thermoregulate?

A

Skin, feathers, fur, and blubber reduce heat flow between animal and environment. Insulation especially important in marine mammals such as whales and walruses.

48
Q

How do circulatory adaption help animals thermoregulate?

A

Regulation of blood flow near body surface
significantly affects thermoregulation. Many endotherms and some ectotherms can
alter amount of blood flowing between body
core and skin. In vasodilation, blood flow in skin increases, facilitating heat loss. In vasoconstriction, blood flow in skin decreases, lowering heat loss.

49
Q

How do feet on geese and fins of dolphins use countercurrent heat exchange?

A

The heat of the arterial blood coming from the animals core is transferred directly to the returning vein instead of being lost to the environment.

50
Q

How does cooling by evaporative heat loss help animals thermoregulate?

A

Many types of animals lose heat through
evaporation of water from their skin. Panting increases the cooling effect in birds
and many mammals. Sweating or bathing moistens the skin, helping to cool an animal down

51
Q

How do behavioural responses help animals thermoregulate?

A

Both endotherms and ectotherms use behavioural
responses to control body temperature. Some terrestrial invertebrates have postures that minimize or maximize absorption of solar heat

52
Q

How does Adjusting Metabolic Heat Production help animals thermoregulate?

A

Thermogenesis is adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature. Thermogenesis increased by muscle activity such as moving or shivering. Nonshivering thermogenesis takes place when hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity

53
Q

How does acclimatization play inot thermoregulation?

A

Birds and mammals can vary their insulation to
acclimatize to seasonal temperature changes. When temperatures subzero, some ectotherms produce “antifreeze” compounds to prevent ice formation in their cells.

54
Q

What is the hypothalamus and what does it do for human thermoregulation?

A

Thermoregulation controlled by a region of the brain called the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus triggers
heat loss or heat generating mechanisms. Fever is the result of a changeto the set point for a biological thermostat.

55
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

Bioenergetics is the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal. Determines how much food an animal needs. Relates to an animal’s size, activity, and
environment

56
Q

After the needs of staying alive met,
remaining food molecules can be used in _____.

A

Biosynthesis. Biosynthesis includes body growth and repair, synthesis of storage material such as fat, and the production of gametes.

57
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

Metabolic rate is amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time. Metabolic rate can be determined by an animal’s heat loss and the amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced.

58
Q

Whats the difference in BMR and SMR?

A

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at a “comfortable” temperature. Standard metabolic rate (SMR) is the metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature. Both rates assume a nongrowing,fasting, and nonstressed animal

59
Q

____therms have much lower metabolic rates than ___therms of a comparable size.

A

Ectotherms have much lower
metabolic rates than endotherms of
a comparable size

60
Q

Metabolic rates affected by manyother factors. Two of these factors are ____ and ____.

A

size and activity

61
Q

Metabolic rate proportional to body
mass to power of ______

A

3/4.

62
Q

T or F:Smaller animals have higher metabolic
rates per gram than larger animals

A

Smaller animals have higher metabolic rates per gram than larger animals. The higher metabolic rate of smaller animals leads to a higher oxygen delivery rate, breathing rate, heart rate, and greater (relative) blood
volume, compared with a larger animal

63
Q

What is torpor?

A

Torpor physiological state in which activity low
and metabolism decreases. Torpor enables animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions.

64
Q

What is hibernation?

A

Hibernation a long-term torpor, an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity. Summer torpor, called estivation, enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water. Daily torpor exhibited by many small mammals and birds and seems adapted to feeding patterns

Biology 1002 (20 decks)

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