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Biology 1002 > Notes 13 > Flashcards

Notes 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do vertebrates get their name?

A

Vertebrates named for vertebrae, the series of bones
that make up the vertebral column (backbone)

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2
Q

How many vertebrates are on earth?

A

There are about 52,000 species of vertebrates,
including the largest organisms ever to live on Earth. Vertebrates have great disparity, and a wide range of differences within the group

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3
Q

What are chordates?

A

Chordates (phylum Chordata) are bilaterian animals
in the clade Deuterostomia. Chordates: all vertebrates, hagfish, and two groups of inverts (urochordates & cephalochordates.

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4
Q

What are the 4 key characteristics of chordates?

A

-Notochord, a longitudinal, flexible rod between digestivetube and nerve cord
-Dorsal, hollow nerve cord that develops into central
nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
-Pharyngeal slits or clefts
-Muscular, post-anal tail

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5
Q

What are craniates?

A

chordates with a head. head consists of a brain at anterior end of dorsal nerve cord, eyes and other sensory organs, and a skull. Origin of a head enabled chordates to coordinate more complex movement and
feeding behaviours

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6
Q

Living craniates share a set if derived characters that distinguish them from other chordates such as what?

A

-Have two or more clusters of Hox genes (lancelets and tunicates have only one cluster)
-Have unique feature, the neural crest, collection of cells near dorsal margins of closing neural tube in embryo
-Neural crest cells contribute to development of the skull, teeth, nerves, and other structures

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7
Q

In aquatic craniates, pharyngeal clefts evolved into what?

A

Gill slits

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8
Q

T or F: Craniates have lower metabolism and are less muscular than tunicates and lancelets.

A

False.Craniates have higher metabolism and are more muscular than tunicates and lancelets.

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9
Q

T or F: Craniates have a heart with at least two chambers, red blood cells with hemoglobin, and kidneys

A

True

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10
Q

What is the earliest diverging group (basal) group of craniates?

A

The most basal group of craniates are the hagfishes. They Have cartilaginous skull and notochord, but lack jaws and vertebrae. Have small brain, eyes, ears, and tooth-like formations. Hagfishes marine; most bottom-dwelling scavengers.

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11
Q

What derived characters do vertebrates have?

A

Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord (in most), An extensive skull, and Fin rays, in the aquatic forms

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12
Q

What are lampreys?

A

Lampreys represent the oldest living lineage of
vertebrates. They are jawless vertebrates that feed by clamping their mouth onto a live fish

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13
Q

What are jawed vertebrates called?

A

Today, jawed vertebrates, or gnathostomes,
outnumber jawless vertebrates. Gnathostomes include sharks and their relatives, ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles (including birds), and mammals.

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14
Q

What are derived characters of gnathostomes?

A

Gnathostomes have jaws that might have evolved from skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slits (Jaws – hinged
structures that (with help of teeth) allow gripping and slicing of food items), Genome duplication, including duplication of Hox genes, An enlarged forebrain associated with enhanced smell and vision. In aquatic gnathostomes, the lateral line system, A row of organs along each side of the body that is sensitive to vibrations

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15
Q

Chondrichthyans (Chondrichthyes) have a skeleton composed primarily of what?

A

Cartilage

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16
Q

What is the largest and most diverse group of chondrichthyans? What about the second group?

A

Largest and most diverse group of chondrichthyans
includes sharks, rays, and skates. Second group
composed of few dozen species of ratfishes.

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17
Q

What are characteristics of sharks?

A

Sharks have streamlined body, are swift swimmers. Largest sharks are suspension feeders that eat plankton, but most are carnivores. Sharks have short digestive tract with ridge called spiral valve to increase digestive surface area. Sharks have acute senses including sight, smell, and ability to detect electrical fields from nearby animals.

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18
Q

T or F: Shark eggs are fertilized internally.

A

True. Male uses a pair of claspers to transfer sperm into female reproductive tract.

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19
Q

The reproductive tract, excretory system, and
digestive tract of a shark empties into what?

A

The cloaca, a common chamber with one opening to outside.

20
Q

Shark embryos can develop in what 3 different ways?

A

Oviparous: lay eggs that hatch outside mother’s body
Ovoviviparous: embryo develops within uterus and nourished by egg yolk
Viviparous: embryo develops within uterusand nourished through a yolk sac placenta from mother’s blood.

21
Q

The vast majority of vertebrates belong to a
clade of gnathostomes called what?

A

Osteichthyes. Nearly all living osteichthyans have an ossified (bony) endoskeleton. Osteichthyans include bony fish and tetrapods. Aquatic osteichthyans are
informally called fishes.

22
Q

Most fishes breathe by drawing water over gills protected by a bony flap called the ____. Fishes control their ____ with an air sac (swim bladder). Fishes have a ___ ____ system. Most are oviparous with ____ fertilization , but somespecies have ____ fertilization and birthing.

A

Most fishes breathe by drawing water over gills protected by a bony flap called the operculum. Fishes control their buoyancy with an air sac (swim bladder). Fishes have a lateral line system. Most are oviparous with external fertilization, but some species have internal fertilization and birthing.

23
Q

_______, the ray-finned fishes, include
nearly all familiar aquatic osteichthyans.

A

Actinopterygii. Fins are supported by thin, bony, flexible rays that are modified for manoeuvering,
defence, other functions

24
Q

The lobe-fins, ____, have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins.

A

(Sarcopterygii, Actinistia is the extant subclass) have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins. fins have rod-shaped bones surrounded by thick muscle layer

25
Q

What are the 3 lineages surviving of lobe fins (Sarcopterygii)?

A

Coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods. Coelacanths thought to have become extinct 75 million years ago, but living coelacanth first noticed by scientists was
caught off the coast of South Africa in 1938 Lobe-Fins.

26
Q

What was one of the most significant events in vertebrate history?

A

One of most significant events in vertebrate history was when fins of some lobe-fins evolved into limbs and feet of tetrapods.

27
Q

What specific adaptions do tetrapods have?

A

-Four limbs, and feet with digits.
- A neck (allows separate movement of head).
-Fusion of pelvic girdle to backbone.
-Absence of gills (except some aquatic species).
- Ears for detecting airborne sounds

28
Q

What are some examples of amphibians?

A

Salamanders (have tails), Frogs and toads (lack tails), and caecilians (lack legs and resemble a worm). There are about 6150 species.

29
Q

What are amniotes?

A

Amniotes are a group of tetrapods whose living members are the reptiles, including birds, and mammals. named for major derived character of clade,
the amniotic egg, which contains membranes that protect the embryo.

30
Q

What are examples of reptiles?

A

The reptile clade includes the tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and some extinct groups (e.g.,dinosaurs).

31
Q

How many species of mammals (class mammalia) are there?

A

5300

32
Q

What are derived characters of mammals?

A

-Mammary glands, which produce milk,
- Hair (helps retain heat)
-A high metabolic rate, due to endothermy
-Efficient respiratory and circulatory systems
- A larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size
-Specialized teeth

33
Q

What group did mammals evolved from?

A

Mammals evolved from group of amniotes
called synapsids. Two bones that formerly made up jaw joint incorporated into mammalian middle ear

34
Q

What 3 living lineages of mammals emerged?

A

monotremes (egg-laying mammals), marsupials (mammals with a pouch), Eutherians (placental mammals).

35
Q

What are monotremes?

A

Monotremes are a small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus. No nipples, milk is secreted by glands on mother’s belly

36
Q

What are marsupials?

A

Marsupials include opossums, kangaroos, koalas. Embryo develops within placenta in mother’s uterus
(nutrients diffuse into embryo from mother’s blood, born very early in development). Completes embryonic
development while nursing in a maternal pouch called
marsupium (in some species, like bandicoots, marsupium opens to rear of mother’s body).

37
Q

How has convergent evolution modified things in Australia?

A

In Australia, convergent evolution has resulted in a diversity of marsupials that resemble the eutherians in other parts of the world.

38
Q

Compared with marsupials, eutherians have a more complex ____. Young eutherians complete their embryonic development within ____, joined to mother by ____.

A

Compared with marsupials, eutherians have a more complex placenta. Young eutherians complete their embryonic development within uterus, joined to mother by placenta.

39
Q

Where did monkeys first evolve?

A

First monkeys evolved in Old World (Africa and Asia). In New World (South America), monkeys first appeared
roughly 25 million years ago.

40
Q

What are characters of primates?

A

The mammalian order Primates includes lemurs,
tarsiers, monkeys, and apes (Humans are members of the ape group).
Derived characters of primates:
-Most have hands and feet adapted for grasping, and flat nails
-A large brain and short jaws
-Forward-looking eyes close together on face, providing depth perception
-Complex social behaviour and parental care
-Fully opposable thumb (monkeys and apes)

41
Q

What are the main 3 living primates?

A

-Lemurs, lorises, and bush babies
-Tarsiers
-Anthropoids (include monkeys and apes)

42
Q

T or F: New World and Old World monkeys underwent separate adaptive radiations during their many millions of years of separation.

A

True.

43
Q

The other group of anthropoids consists of primates informally called what?

A

apes. This group includes gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans Apes diverged from Old World monkeys about 20–25 million years ago.

44
Q

T or F: Homo sapiens are considered young.

A

True. The species Homo sapiens about 200,000
years old, which very young, considering that
life existed on Earth for at least 3.5 billion year

45
Q

What are the derived characters of humans that distinguish them from apes?

A

-Upright posture and bipedal locomotion
-Larger brains capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, the manufacture and use of complex tools
-Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles
-Shorter digestive tract

46
Q

What percentage are humans’ and chimpanzees’ genomes similar?

A

The human and chimpanzee genomes are 99% identical. Changes in regulatory genes can have large
effects.

Biology 1002 (20 decks)

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