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History GCSE WES > Norman England c1066-c1100, Part Two: Life under the Normans > Flashcards

Norman England c1066-c1100, Part Two: Life under the Normans Flashcards

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1
Q

How many earldoms were held by Anlgo-Saxons in 1076?

A

Only two

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2
Q

How did William convince Norman nobles to fight for him at Hastings?

A

He promised them land in return.

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3
Q

Who were the most powerful Norman earls?

A

Robert of Mortmain and Bishop Odo and William Fitzosbern

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4
Q

What was Bishop Odo’s relation to William the Conqueror?

A

They were half-brothers

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5
Q

What was Robert of Mortmain’s relation to William the Conqueror?

A

They were half brothers

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6
Q

What was William Fitzosbern’s relation to William the Conqueror?

A

They were cousins.

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7
Q

What were villeins?

A

A class of peasants who were not allowed to leave the land or marry without the lord’s permission.

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8
Q

What were freemen?

A

A class of peasants who paid rent to the local lord but not tied to him in any way.

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9
Q

What was patronage?

A

Swearing allegiance to the king in exchange for land.

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10
Q

When was the Domesday survey carried out?

A

In 1086

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11
Q

Under whose reign was the Domesday survey carried out?

A

William II

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12
Q

Who ordered the Domesday survey?

A

William I

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13
Q

What did the Domesday survey investigate?

A
  • Who lived where and who owned what land
  • Value of each man’s property
  • What taxes were owed from the time of Edward the Confessor
  • Who held wealth
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14
Q

Why was the Domesday Book made?

A

To collect taxes accurately and to make sure no one was hoarding wealth to threaten the king.

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15
Q

How much land did the Church control?

A

25%

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16
Q

How much land did 10 Norman barons control between them?

A

25%

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17
Q

How many knights were there in England?

A

2000

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18
Q

How many Norman settlers were there in total?

A

10,000

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19
Q

What was the total population of England?

A

Between 1.5 million and 2 million

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20
Q

What can the king do when it comes to who owns what land?

A

King William can distribute land however he sees fit.

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21
Q

What were Shire courts?

A

They met twice a year when the sheriff would hear cases.

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22
Q

What cases appeared in Shire courts?

A

Land disputes, crime, taxes and rebellions.

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23
Q

What were Hundred courts?

A

Courts that dealt with more local issues. They met more frequently

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24
Q

What were Hundreds?

A

Each shire was divided into smaller areas called hundreds.

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25
Q

How did the Normans change the inheritance system?

A

The Normans introduced the idea of primogeniture. Before, land would be split up among the family. Normans said the eldest son would inherit everything.

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26
Q

What was the Anglo-Saxon oath system?

A

All Anglo-Saxons would swear not to commit a crime. If they did, their family would be heavily punished.

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27
Q

What was the Norman murdrum fines?

A

If a Norman was murdered, all Anglo-Saxons in the area would be heavily fined.

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28
Q

What did the Anglo-Saxon punishments entail?

A

Execution and mutilation common. Another was the ordeal system. Exile was also possible.

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29
Q

What was the Anglo-Saxon ordeal system?

A

Based on the principle of ‘Judicium Dei’. Accused put through a painful ordeal. It was believed that God would save the innocent.

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30
Q

Give examples of some ordeals under the Anglo-Saxons.

A

Ordeal by fire: accused holds a red-hot iron bar. Ordeal by water.

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31
Q

How did the Normans change the ordeal system?

A

They kept the old ones and introduced a new one: ordeal by combat.

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32
Q

What was ‘ordeal by combat’?

A

The accuser and accused fought to the death. The survivor was presumed to be telling the truth.

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33
Q

What was the language of the law under Edward the Confessor?

A

English

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34
Q

How did the Normans change the language of the law?

A

All laws were recorded in latin. Latin was the official language of the government and the Church.

35
Q

What were Forest laws?

A

Laws introduced by the Normans to stop peasants from hunting in the forest.

36
Q

Before William, could peasants hunt in the forest?

A

Yes

37
Q

What changes did William bring about peasant life?

A

Largely none. The same life, with a new lord.

38
Q

How much of the land of a village could the lord keep?

A

Up to 35%

39
Q

What were the main crops grown in peasant villages?

A

Wheat, barley oats and rye.

40
Q

How long was a peasant working day?

A

From half an hour before sunrise and until sunset.

41
Q

What told the peasants it was the start or end of the working day?

A

The church bells rang to signify it.

42
Q

What did peasants usually eat for lunch?

A

Rye bread

43
Q

What did peasants usually eat for dinner?

A

Something vegetable-based

44
Q

What would peasants drink?

A

Weak beer or cider.

45
Q

Why did peasants not drink water?

A

Water was not purified. You could get sick drinking it.

46
Q

What days would peasants work?

A

Everyday except Sundays and Holy Days

47
Q

What was the tithe?

A

A tax paid to the Church

48
Q

How much money did the peasants have to give through the tithe?

A

10% of all they earned.

49
Q

What were peasants’ houses like?

A

Cold, damp and dark. Animals were often brought inside. Most families would only have a single room.

50
Q

What was the manor house?

A

The lord lived in the manor house.

51
Q

Who lived in the manor?

A

The manor contained the manor house and the houses of freemen.

52
Q

Who owned the manor?

A

The manor was owned by the lord. It was known as his demesne.

53
Q

What did the Reeve do?

A

Manages the day-to-day running of the manor and ensures the peasants are all working.

54
Q

What did the Bailiff do?

A

He was responsible for collecting taxes for the king, ensuring crops were gathered and debts repaid.

55
Q

What did the Priest do?

A

He was responsible for marriages and wills, as well as running the local church.

56
Q

What did the Miller do?

A

He produced grain to make bread for the whole village.

57
Q

How was the Reeve chosen?

A

He was chosen by the lord or by peasant vote.

58
Q

What did peasants do in spring?

A

They sow seeds in the fields.

59
Q

What did peasants do in summer?

A

The harvest the crops when they are ready.

60
Q

What did peasants do in Autumn?

A

Peasants use oxen to plough the fields.

61
Q

What did peasants do in Winter?

A

They live off food harvested earlier in the year.

62
Q

What was the common structure of a Norman town?

A

Houses cramped together with a cathedral or castle (or both) at the centre.

63
Q

How many new towns developed under William?

A

Between 1066 and 1100, 21 new towns developed.

64
Q

What was the castles’ significance in towns?

A

They became administrative centres and centres of trade and commerce.

65
Q

Were can evidence of growth of towns be found?

A

In the Domesday Book.

66
Q

What products were traded in towns?

A

Metalwork, salt, wool etc.

67
Q

What product did Gloucester become specialised in?

A

Iron and lead production.

68
Q

Where did towns that specialised in metalwork tend to be situated?

A

Near forests so they could use wood in their furnaces.

69
Q

What town grew as a resut of salt production?

A

Droitwich

70
Q

How significant was the trade of wool in England?

A

It was produced in the countryside and transported south. It was sold to Europe so many coastal towns became centres of international trade.

71
Q

What was the permission called to have a market or fair in a town?

A

A franchise, given in the form of a grant.

72
Q

How many grants did William give out?

A

2800 grants for markets or fairs

73
Q

What was a fair?

A

A religious celebration, but commerce also took place.

74
Q

What are guilds?

A

Specialist associations of a certain trade. They often had significant power.

75
Q

What changed in terms of land ownership for the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy?

A

Land was taken, split up and redistributed among Norman earls. This made earldoms less powerful and more stable.

76
Q

What changed in terms of castles?

A

The Norman aristocracy built them very fast, which would have intimidated the local peasant population.

77
Q

What new laws did William put in place?

A

Forest laws, Murdrum fines.

78
Q

What change did William make to the Anglo-Saxon financial system?

A

None. He even implemented the minting system and the exchequer to Normandy.

79
Q

What change was made to language?

A

The aristocracy spoke French. Over time, the English spoken by peasants and French merged into Anglo-Norman.

80
Q

When did William I die?

A

1087

81
Q

Who succeeded William I?

A

William II, his son

82
Q

When did William II die?

A

1100, after a hunting ‘accident’

83
Q

Who succeeded William II?

A

Henry, his younger son

History GCSE WES (14 decks)

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