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History GCSE WES > Migration c790 to the present day, Part3: Expansion and empire > Flashcards

Migration c790 to the present day, Part3: Expansion and empire Flashcards

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1
Q

What resources does India have?

A

Iron ore, silk, copper, gold, silver, gemstones, tea, timber and spices.

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2
Q

Who discovered how to get to India by sea?

A

Vasco de Gama

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3
Q

From what country was Vasco de Gama?

A

Portugal

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4
Q

What were trading stations?

A

Permanent, well-protected bases European traders set up along the Indian coast.

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5
Q

What was the lifestyle of a trader?

A
  • He lived with his family in the trading station.
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6
Q

When was the East India Company set up?

A

1600

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7
Q

What does EIC stand for?

A

East India Company

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8
Q

What is meant by a monopoly?

A

A majority control of a certain resource or trade.

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9
Q

When did the EIC’s monopoly on British trade in India end?

A

1694

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10
Q

When was the trading post in Surat established?

A

1612

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11
Q

When was the trading post in Madras established?

A

1638

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12
Q

When was the trading post in Bombay established?

A

1668

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13
Q

How did the East India Company make money?

A

They brought silk, coffee, spices and other luxuries back to England.

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14
Q

Who were the Mughals?

A

Muslims who invaded India and took control of areas mostly run by Hindo princes.

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15
Q

When do the Mughals start to lose control of India?

A

In the war 1698-1707

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16
Q

How did European nations take advantage of the Mughal war?

A

They expanded their control over India.

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17
Q

What did European nations do to take control of India?

A

They started supporting particular Indian princes with weapons in exchange for land and goods.

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18
Q

When did the EIC start expanding and gaining land?

A

In the 1700s

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19
Q

When was the battle of Plassey?

A

1757

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20
Q

How many EIC troops fought at the Battle of Plassey?

A

3000, 2200 of which were local Indians.

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21
Q

Who led the EIC army at the Battle of Plassey?

A

Robert Clive

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22
Q

Who do the English beat at the Battle of Plassey?

A

An Indian army led by a local prince.

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23
Q

How many troops did the local prince who fought the English at the Battle of Plassey have?

A

40,000

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24
Q

What territory did the English gain after their victory at the Battle of Plassey?

A

They took over Bengal

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25
Q

Why was Bengal valuable to the English?

A

It was one of the richest parts of India.

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26
Q

Who was the local prince the English defeated at the Battle of Plassey?

A

Siraj-ud-Daula

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27
Q

Who was Siraj-ud-Daula aided by?

A

The French

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28
Q

Who else did the EIC fight?

A

The Dutch, whom they defeated, and from whom they took trading posts.

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29
Q

Why does the EIC have money problems?

A

They had huge profits in India but were losing money elsewhere, in America mainly.

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30
Q

Why does the British Government get involved in the EIC?

A

It doesn’t want it to go bankrupt, as it pays a fortune to the Government in taxes.

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31
Q

What act is passed in 1773?

(Not the Stamp Act)

A

the Government of India Act

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32
Q

What did the Government of India Act do?

A

It states that both the British government and the East India Company control the territory in India jointly.

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33
Q

Who is appointed the first Governor General of India?

A

Warren Hastings

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34
Q

What is the effect of the loss of the American colonies on the British involvement in India?

A

They get more involved and the government gradually takes over the EIC’s affairs.

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35
Q

When did Warren Hastings become Governor General of India?

A

1773

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36
Q

Why was Warren Hastings important in India?

A

He strengthened British control in India, helping to establish it as a part of the British Empire.

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37
Q

What are some negative things about Warren Hastings?

A

He faced accusations of corruption, mismanagement and poor military judgement from political rivals. He faced trial in 1787 and was found not guilty in 1795.

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38
Q

Who as Robert Clive?

A

He was Governor of Bengal and won the Battle of Plassey, making a personal fortune after plundering the region.

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39
Q

Why was Robert Clive criticized?

A

He was criticized in Parliament for corruption.

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40
Q

By what time was most of India under British control?

A

By the mid 1850s, most of India was under British control.

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41
Q

What was the lifestyle of an employee of the East India Company?

A

Employees of the EIC made huge fortunes and lived in luxury.

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42
Q

How did the British influence India culturally?

A

They ignored or replaced long-standing Indian traditions, rights and customs.

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43
Q

How were the Indian aristocracy affected by the British?

A

Some of them were replaced and stripped of their wealth.

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44
Q

What were Indian soldiers who fought for the EIC known as?

A

Sepoys

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45
Q

What factors contributed to widespread Sepoy discontentment?

A
  • They weren’t treated well
  • Little hope of promotion
  • They were first to be sent in the most dangerous places to fight
  • They were pressured into converting to Christianity
  • Cartridge grease controversy
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46
Q

When was the Enfield rifle introduced to the Sepoys?

A

1857

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47
Q

What was controversial about the new rifle introduced?

A
  • The Sepoys had to bite of the end of the cartridges to load it.
  • The cartridges were greased with animal fat, which was offensive to both the Hindu and Muslim Sepoys.
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48
Q

When was the Indian Rebellion?

A

1857

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49
Q

How did the Indian Rebellion start?

A

On the 9th May 1857, 85 Sepoys refused to use the cartridges and were sent to jail for ten years.

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50
Q

What happened on the 10th of May 1857?

A

More Sepoys rose up in support of the prisoners and broke them out of jail. Army barracks and homes of British civilians were set on fire.

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51
Q

When was the Cawnpore massacre?

A

July 1857

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52
Q

What was the Cawnpore massacre?

A

The massacre of 200 British women and children at Cawnpore.

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53
Q

What was Britain’s reaction to the Cawnpore massacre?

A

It sent another 70,000 troops to India.

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54
Q

When did the Indian Mutiny end?

A

8th of July 1858

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55
Q

What was the aftermath of the Indian Mutiny?

A
  • The British Government took over India from the EIC.
  • They were more wary of religious issues in colonies
  • They were more careful about how they goverened.
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56
Q

What was the Indian Universities Act?

A

It created universities in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras

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57
Q

Why was the Indian Universities Act significant?

A

It helped raise the literacy rate of India to make it more civilised.

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58
Q

How much railway did the British build in India?

A

30,000 kilometres

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59
Q

How many bridges did the British build in India?

A

130,000

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60
Q

How much did the British spend on building key districts?

A

By 1914, the British had spend £400 million on canals, roads, factories, mines and farms.

61
Q

What did the British do to increase India’s life expectancy?

A
  • They introduced vaccines and treatment to fight malaria and smallpox.
  • They improved sewage systems and water supplies.
62
Q

When were there large famines in India?

A

Late 1800s

63
Q

Why were the British blamed for the famines that struck India?

A

They had forced Indian farmers to replace food crops such as rice and wheat with high value crops like cotton and tea they could sell back in Britain.

64
Q

What economic opportunities did the British introduce to India?

A
  • The farming of India’s raw materials created jobs
  • British introduced an irrigation programme in the Indian countryside, which increased land available for farming.
  • They introduced coal mining.
65
Q

How did India become industrialised?

A

The British built many factories in which Indian workers manufactured goods.

66
Q

How did Britain influence the Indian judicial system?

A

They created a legal system in India, based on the one in Britain. High courts were set up in Madras, Calcutta and Bombay.

67
Q

How influential were the British for education in India?

A

They opened thousands of schools and colleges where English language learning spread.

68
Q

What was the impact of the British Raj on Britain?

A
  • India fought on Britain’s side in the first and second World Wars.
  • It created many jobs
  • Indian tea became a popular drink in Britain and Indian food become more common in people’s homes.
69
Q

Difference in European control of Africa.

A

In 1870, only 10% of Africa was controlled by European nations.
By 1900, 90% of Africa was controlled by European nations.

70
Q

How many colonies were added to the British Empire 1870-1900?

A

Between 1870 and 1900, 16 new colonies were added to the BE.

71
Q

Why were European nations interested in Africa?

A
  • Rich in natural resources.
  • They could sell goods to local populations
  • Christian missionaries felt it was their duty to convert people to Christianity.
  • For the glory of the empire.
72
Q

Why did the Europeans only start conquering Africa in 1870?

A

They now had better medicine and vaccines which meant they could fight malaria and other jungle diseases.

73
Q

How did the European nations prevent war between them?

A

They held a conference in Berlin in 1884-85 to decide which nation could take which areas.

74
Q

How much of Africa did the British claim by 1900?

A

By 1900, Britain occupied 32% of Africa.

75
Q

Why did the African nations not defend their lands?

A

They did, but the Europeans had the Maxim gun which gave them a major advantage.

76
Q

What was the Maxim gun?

A

A new type of machine gun that gave the Europeans a major advantage in the scramble for Africa.

77
Q

Who was Cecil Rhodes?

A

Britain’s most well-known Empire-builder.

78
Q

What did Cecil Rhodes believe in?

A
  • Imperialism
  • Social Darwinism
79
Q

What is imperialism?

A

The belief that the British Empire should expand to acquire new lands.

80
Q

What was Social Darwinism?

A

Social Darwinism misapplies the concept of “survival of the fittest”. It believes that certain groups are inherently superior and should dominate over others.

81
Q

What was named after Cecil Rhodes?

A

Schools, streets and two countries, Rhodesia, now Zambia and Zimbabwe.

82
Q

Cecil Rhodes timeline.

A

1870 - Rhodes moves to Cape Colony to work in gold and diamond mines
1881 - Elected to Cape Colony parliament
1888 - Forms De Beerss, a company which owns most of the gold and diamond fields in sourther Africa
1890 - Elected Prime Minister of Cape Colony

83
Q

How much of the diamond market did De Beers control?

A

At one point, it controlled 90% of the world’s diamond market.

84
Q

What was Cecil Rhodes’ legacy?

A
  • Statues of him were erected everywhere
  • Many institutions were named after him
  • He gave large sums of money to institutions such as Rhodes Univeristy in South Africa
  • He was a racist though
85
Q

What percentage of ships using the Suez Canal were British?

When it was built?

A

80% of the ships using the Suez Canal were British.

86
Q

When was the Suez Canal built?

A

1869

87
Q

Who built the Suez Canal?

A

The French and the British

88
Q

When do the Egyptians rebel against the French and the British?

A

1882

89
Q

How do the British respond to the Egyptian rebellion?

A

They send 30,000 soldiers to take over the country. The city of Alexandria is bombed and its defences destroyed.

90
Q

Who were the Boers?

A

Descendants of Dutch settlers, who were farmers in southern Africa.

91
Q

When the British invaded Cape Colony, where did the Boers go?

A

They moved north and founded the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, both Boer states.

92
Q

When were diamonds discovered in the Boer states?

A

1867

93
Q

What did the British do when diamonds were discovered in the Boer states?

A

They asked to unite their two colonies.

94
Q

Did the Boers accept the British proposition made in 1867?

A

No, they refused.

95
Q

What did the British do when the Boers had refused their proposition?

A

They declared war on the Boer states.

96
Q

What did Cecil Rhodes do when gold was discovered in the Boer states?

A

He opened mines there and British workers flooded in.

97
Q

When was gold found in the Boer states?

A

1886

98
Q

Who was the leader of the Boers in 1886?

A

Paul Kruger

99
Q

Why was Rhodes angry with Kruger?

A

Kruger refused to give the British workers any political rights.

100
Q

When did the first Boer War start and end?

A

1867-1881

101
Q

When did the second Boer War start and end?

A

1899-1902

102
Q

How did the Boers fight the British?

A

They attacked in groups of 5-12. They used guerrilla tactics.

103
Q

Why did the Boers have the advantage in fighting?

A

They were on horseback, they were skilled fighters and knew the terrain much better than the British.

104
Q

How did the Boers live during the war?

A

They ‘lived off the land’, foraging for food or capturing enemy supplies.

105
Q

How many troops did the British send?

A

In January 1900, Britain sent half a million troops.

106
Q

How many Boer soldiers were the British fighting?

A

50,000

107
Q

Who introduced the Scorched Earth policy?

A

General Kitchener

108
Q

What was the Scorched Earth policy?

A

The destruction of everything that could be useful to the Boers. They burnt crops and houses and killed livestock.

109
Q

How many people did the British put in concentration camps?

A

116,000 Boers were put in concentration camps, and 130,000 black civilians, workers on the farms, were too.

110
Q

How many people died in the concentration camps?

A

28,000 Boers (mostly children) died, 20,000 black civilians died.

111
Q

When did the Boers surrender?

A

1902

112
Q

What was agreed at the peace talks?

A

That the Boer states would become British colonies, but that the Boers could make many key decisions.

113
Q

What happened in 1910?

A

The Boer States combined with Cape Colony and Natal to form the Union of South Africa, part of the British Empire.

114
Q

After 1910, what type of state was South Africa?

A

It was a dominion, rather than a colony.

115
Q

What is a dominion?

A

A kind of colony that ran its own affairs.

116
Q

How many British troops fought in the war in total?

A

450,000

117
Q

How many British casualties were there at the end of the Boer war?

A

6000 KIA, another 16,000 died from illness or wounds sustained in battles.

118
Q

How many Boers fought in total?

A

90,000

119
Q

How did the Boer war affect healthcare in Britain?

A
  • One third of British army volunteers were physically unfit for service.
  • This led to the government introducing free meals and medical checks in schools.
119
Q

How many Boer casualties were there?

A

7000 soldiers, and 28,000 civilians died

120
Q

What was jingoism?

A

Nationalism, especially where one thinks his nation is superior to all others.

121
Q

What was Imperial Propaganda?

A

The spreading of positive ideas and jingoism in relation to the empire.

122
Q

Why was Imperial Propaganda introduced?

A

To win public opinion and get support for the empire’s invasions.

123
Q

Give examples of Imperial Propaganda.

A

Boy’s Own Paper, soap and chocolate advertisement.

124
Q

What are the two largest migrations to Britain in the last few hundred years?

A

Jewish and Irish migration

125
Q

How many Irish people were there by the 1860s?

A

By 1861, there were around 600,000 Irish-born people in Britain.

126
Q

When and why did the Irish immigration increase?

A

In 1846, because of the ‘potato blight’.

127
Q

How much of the Irish population died because of the famine?

A

Around one eighth

128
Q

What was Typhus nicknamed?

A

‘Irish fever’

129
Q

What percentage of the British army were Irish?

A

In the early 1800s, as many as 40% were Irish.

130
Q

Irish population in Britain in the present day?

A

According to 2001 census, six million people (10% of British population) had Irish parents or grandparents.

131
Q

When are Jews expelled from England?

A

1290

132
Q

Who expels all Jews from England?

A

Edward I

133
Q

When are Jews let back into England?

A

1656

134
Q

Jewish population in 1850?

A

The number of Jews grows to 40,000 out of a population of 18 million.

135
Q

When does Benjamin Disraeli become PM?

A

1874

136
Q

Who was the first Jewish Prime Minister?

A

Benjamin Disraeli

137
Q

What events caused an increase in Jewish population in the 1870s?

A

Jews in Russia are blamed for the assassination of the Tsar and face persecution through restrictions and pogroms.

138
Q

How many Jews come to England at the end of the 19th century?

A

Between 1881 and 1914, 120,000 Jews arrive in Britain.

139
Q

What are the main Jewish trades?

A

Making clothes, shoemaking or furniture-making.

140
Q

How many people emigrated from Britain in the 19th century?

A

22 million people emigrated from Britain 1815-1914

141
Q

When did urbanisation happen?

A

1750-1900, during the industrial revolution.

142
Q

How effective was the indenture system to move people around the Empire?

A

Around half the immigrants to the American colonies in the 16th/17th centuries were under this system.

143
Q

How many Indians were moved to Kenya and Uganda?

A

Over 30,000

144
Q

Why were the Indians moved to Kenya and Ugand?

A

To build railways and bridges.

145
Q

How many Kenyan Asians and Ugandan Asians were there?

A

By the late 1960s, there were about 180,000 Kenyan Asians and around 60,000 Ugandan Asians.

146
Q

How many people moved around the Empire every decade?

A

Between 1841 and 1910, 150,000 people per decade moved around the Empire.

147
Q

How many convicts had been sent to the American colonies before 1775?

A

50,000

148
Q

When did the British government start sending convicts to Austrailia?

A

1787

History GCSE WES (14 decks)

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