Noman England c1066-c1100, Historic environment: Wales Flashcards
What were the Earldoms between England and Wales called?
The Welsh Marches
Who were the Marcher Earls?
Norman lords appointed by William to guard the border between England and Wales.
Who were the three Marcher Earls?
Hugh d’Avranches, Roger de Montgomery, William FitzOsbern
What were the three Marcher Earldoms?
Chester, Shrewsbury, Hereford
Who was the Earl of Chester?
Hugh d’Avranches
Who was the Earl of Hereford?
William FitzOsbern
Who was the Earl of Shrewsbury?
Roger de Montgomery
What Earldom did Hugh d’Avranches control?
Chester
What Earldom did William FitzOsbern control?
Hereford
What Earldom did Roger de Montgomery control?
Shrewsbury
What was different between the Marcher Earldoms and other Earldoms?
The Earls were given control of law and order in their territories.
The Earls did not pay taxes
What was the same between the Marcher Earldoms and the other Earldoms?
They still had to provide allegiance to the king.
Why did the Marcher Earls not pay taxes?
William saw it as incentive for them to build settlements, castles and defend the border.
What would happen to the Marcher Earldom if the Earl died without an heir?
The Earldom would go to the king.
What deal did FitzOsbern make with the Welsh?
He recognised their right to lands. In exchange, they recognised him as lord.
What relations did Roger of Breteuil have?
He was FitzOsbern’s son
When did the Welsh raid England?
1067-69
How did Roger de Montgomery exploit Wales?
He took land in mid-Wales, the Severn Valley and built the town of Montgomery.
How significant were the Marcher Earldoms?
Norman economic, political and military dominance depended on them.
Where did Hugh d’Avrances build castles?
Along the River Conwy
Where was Chepstow castle built?
On a rocky outcrop over the River Wye
Who built Chepstow castle?
William FitzOsbern
Where was the highest concentration of castles in England?
Wales had the highest concentration of castles in all of Norman England.
How many castles were there in Wales?
300 castles before 1215
In what year did Roger of Breteuil rebel against William?
He rebelled in 1075.
Who joined the rebellion with Roger of Breteuil?
Ralph, Earl of East Anglia and Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland.
What was the outcome of the rebellion Roger was involved in?
It was a disaster for Roger.
Who defeated Roger’s rebellion?
Bishop Odo and Wulfstan
What was the outcome for the rebellion leaders?
Waltheof was beheaded. Roger lost all his land.
What happened to Caradog of Gwent in 1081?
He was defeated by the king of Deheubarth
What did Caradog’s defeat lead William to do?
William felt a show of strength was needed so he marched across the Welsh border.
How far did William march into Wales?
To St David’s in the South West where he built a small castle.
What did the king of Deheubarth do in response to William’s march across the border?
He realises he was no match for William and paid a yearly £40 tribute.
