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History GCSE WES > America 1920-73 - Part three: Post-war America > Flashcards

America 1920-73 - Part three: Post-war America Flashcards

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1
Q

What was ‘The American Dream’?

A

The belief that anyone could succeed through hard work.

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2
Q

What were some goods that were affordable and popular?

A

Refrigerators, ovens, vaccum cleaners, cars and televisions.

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3
Q

Why was demand high during this period?

A

Luxury goods were rare during the war.

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4
Q

What encouraged people to spend money?

A
  • Powerful advertising industry
  • ‘Buy now, pay later’ schemes
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5
Q

How did the sudden appearance of malls affect the in-town businesses?

A

It hurt the small businesses as the malls were out-of-town.

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6
Q

End of the 1950s.

Proportion of US households with a television.

A

9 out of 10

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7
Q

End of the 1950s.

Proportion of US households with a car.

A

8 out of 10

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8
Q

End of the 1950s.

Proportion of US households with a washing machine.

A

7 out of 10

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9
Q

What was the ‘baby boom’?

A

A 40% increase in population.

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10
Q

When did FDR die?

A

April 1945

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11
Q

Who replaced FDR?

A

Harry S Truman

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12
Q

What did Truman call his plans?

A

The ‘Fair Deal’

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13
Q

What were the two main issues Truman tried to tackle?

A

Poverty and the rights of African Americans.

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14
Q

Truman minimum hourly wage increase.

A

Raised from 40 cents to 75 cents.

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15
Q

What did the GI Bill do?

A
  • Made cheap home loans available to war veterans
  • Paid grants for ex-soldiers to attend college
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16
Q

How much money did the government pay to veterans?

A

From 1944 to 1949, around $4 billion to 9 million veterans.

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17
Q

What happened to Truman’s proposal for a national health insurance scheme?

A

It was blocked by Republicans.

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18
Q

What happened to Truman’s attempt to improve rights of African Americans?

A

Halted when many Southern politicians voted against it.

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19
Q

Who was elected president in 1952?

A

Dwight D Eisenhower

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20
Q

What was the state of the country in 1952?

A
  • Booming economy
  • Still vast areas of severe poverty
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21
Q

How much did the average teenager spend a week?

A

Early 40s, $1 - $2
In 1957, $10 - $15

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22
Q

What did teenagers spend their money on?

A

Music, cars, fashion, and alcohol.

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23
Q

What reputation did teenagers have?

A

Being independent, rebellions, secretive and aggressive.

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24
Q

What music was popular among teenagers?

A

Rock and roll

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25
Q

What did the older generation think about Rock and Roll?

A

That it was ‘dangerous’ and was linked to teenage crime and gang culture.

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26
Q

What was the famous Elvis Presley TV performance?

A

In 1956; watched by 82% of Americans.

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27
Q

Average income of elderly compared to average factory earnings.

A

In 1960, 68% people over 65 had annual income less than $1000. Average factory earnings over $4000.

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28
Q

When did the second Red Scare start and finish?

A

Immediately after WW2 to mid-‘50s.

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29
Q

What was the reasons for the second Red Scare?

A
  • Containment was failing
  • USSR was powerful, and communist
  • Spies were caught in government jobs
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30
Q

What people were accused of spying for the USSR?

A
  • Alger Hiss, member of US govenment
  • Americans Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, found guilty of spying, executed June 1953.

(These became headline news)

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31
Q

What did HUAC stand for?

A

House of Representatives Un-American Activities Committee

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32
Q

What did the HUAC do?

A

Searched for communists in the government, workplaces, media and movie industry.

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33
Q

Who was Joseph McCarthy?

A

A US Senator.

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34
Q

What did Joe McCarthy claim?

A

In 1950, he claimed he had a list of 200 communists working for the government.

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35
Q

What did people think of McCarthy 1950-55?

A

He was seen as an anti-communist hero.

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36
Q

Why did no-one criticise McCarthy?

A

People who did were deemed communists and could be sacked.

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37
Q

How did ‘McCarthyism’ lose support?

A

In 1954, he accused 45 army officers of being communist.
He had no proof. McCarthy’s campaign began to lose public support.

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38
Q

What was the ‘Civil Rights Movement’?

A

The campaign for equal civil rights between black and white Americans.

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39
Q

What are civil rights?

A

Opportunities with regards to employment, housing and education, right to vote and freedom from racial discrimination.

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40
Q

When did the Civil Rights Movement start and end?

A

It began in early ’40s, ended in late ’60s.

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41
Q

What small successes for the CRM were passed in the 1940s?

A
  • ‘Fair Employment Law’, 1941
  • Truman’s 1946 President’s Committee on Civil Rights, to try to eliminate segregation.
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42
Q

What was the cause of ‘Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, 1954’?

A

In 1951, Father of African-American girl Linda Brown took Board of Education to court for his daughter to attend local whites only school.

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43
Q

What happened when Brown lost the case in Topeka?

A

He appealed to the Supreme Court.

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44
Q

What did the Supreme Court rule in 1954?

A

It declared in May 1954 all education boards had to de-segregate schools.

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45
Q

What was the reaction in Mississippi to the SCOTUS decision?

(To end segregation)

A

White Citizens Council formed to ensure segregation would remain.

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46
Q

1956, number of states not ending segregation.

A

In 1956, not a single African-American was attending a white school in six Southern States.

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47
Q

How did the Montgomery Bus Boycott start?

A

Rosa Parks refused to move from the whites only section of the bus.

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48
Q

When was Rosa Parks arrested?

A

1st December 1955

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49
Q

What did NAACP stand for?

A

National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People

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50
Q

What did the NAACP do?

A

Helped fight discrimination and segregation.

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51
Q

Where did the Montgomery bus boycott happen?

A

Montgomery, Alabama

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52
Q

What proportion of the Montgomery Buses’ clients were African Americans?

A

About 75%

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53
Q

What was the outcome of the bus boycott?

A

A year after it started, the Supreme Court ruled that segregated buses were illegal.

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54
Q

What was the Little Rock case?

A

Nine African American students tried to attend Central High School in Little Rock.

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55
Q

In what state is Little Rock?

A

Arkansas

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56
Q

What made the Little Rock case so scandalous?

A

The governor of Arkansas sent National Guard soldiers to prevent the black kids from entering.

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57
Q

When did the black kids try to attend Cental High School?

A

September 1957

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58
Q

What was the outcome of the Little Rock case?

A

They won - the kids now had the right to attend the white school.

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59
Q

Proportion of black students attending white schools 1960.

(Arkansas)

A

1960: Arkansas has 2 million black students
Only 2500 were going to white schools.

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60
Q

States with segregated schools 1962.

A

By 1962, still no black children attending white schools in Alabama, South Carolina, or Mississippi.

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61
Q

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 do?

A

It gave all African Americans the right to vote.

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62
Q

Was the CRA 1957 enforced?

A

No. Very little was done.

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63
Q

What were the main Civil Rights protests?

A

Alabama, May 1963
Washington DC, August 1963
Selma, March 1965

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64
Q

In what city was the May 1963 protest?

A

Birmingham, Alabama

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65
Q

Why did MLK protest in Birmingham?

A

It was one of the most segregated cities in the USA.

66
Q

Who was the police chief who ordered to attack the protesters in Birmingham?

A

Eugene ‘Bull’ Connor

67
Q

What happened to the protesters in Birmingham?

A

They were attacked by the police with tear gas, cattle prods, dogs and water cannons.

68
Q

Many people were arrested on the march in Birmingham. How many children were arrested?

A

900 children were arrested

69
Q

How can the Birmingham march be considered a success?

A

All of it was shown on TV, which raised awareness.

70
Q

What did the President do in response to the violence at the Birmingham march?

A

He sent in troops to restore order.
He ordered Birmingham to end segregation.

71
Q

When was the march on Washington DC?

A

August 1963

72
Q

What march happened in August 1963?

A

The march on Washington DC

73
Q

How many people marched in Washington DC?

A

About 250,000 people.

74
Q

What famous speech did King give at the Washington DC march?

A

‘I have a dream!’

75
Q

What march happened in March 1965?

A

Selma

76
Q

When did the Selma march happen?

A

March 1965

77
Q

What did the day of the Selma march come to be known as?

A

‘Bloody Sunday’

78
Q

What happened at the Selma march?

A

The protesters were brutally attacked by the police.

79
Q

When did the sit-ins and freedom rides happen?

A

During the early 1960s

80
Q

What were Freedom Riders?

A

Civil rights campaigners who travelled in the whites only sections of buses in protest of segregation.

81
Q
A
82
Q

What were sit-ins?

A

African-American students who would sit down in whites only part of cafes and refuse to leave.

83
Q

How many sit-ins were there 1960-61?

A

Around 70,000 campaigners had staged ‘sit-in’ protests across the South.

84
Q

Who passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

A

Lyndon B Johnson

85
Q

What day was Kennedy assassinated?

A

22nd November 1963

86
Q

What did the CVR of 1964 do?

A

Outlawed racial discrimination in employment and segregation in public spaces.

87
Q

When was the Voting Rights Act passed?

A

1965

88
Q

What did the Voting Rights Act do?

A

Gave all Americans the right to vote.

89
Q

When were interracial marriages legalised?

A

1967

90
Q

What was the Fair Housing Act?

A

Made racial discrimination illegal when buying and renting houses.

91
Q

When was the Fair Housing Act passed?

A

1968

92
Q

Who was Malcom X?

A

Fought for Civil Rights. Was part of the Nation of Islam until 1964.

93
Q

What was the Nation of Islam?

A

Extreme organisation that fought against white society.

94
Q

What did the Nation of Islam believe?

A
  • White society was racist and corrupt
  • Christianity is a white man’s religion
  • Wanted separatism
95
Q

What organisation did Malcom X set up?

A

Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU)

96
Q

How did Malcom X die?

A

He was shot by Nation of Islam members while at an OAAU meeting.

97
Q

What was the Black Panther party?

A

An extreme militant group that rejected King’s non-violent ideas.

98
Q

What did the Black Panther party argue?

A

That African-Americans had to protect themselves from white racists using violence if necessary.

99
Q

What organisations were part of the ‘Black Power’ movement?

A
  • Nation of Islam
  • Black Panther Party
100
Q

What is the Civil Rights Act of 1968 also known as?

A

The Fair Housing Act

101
Q

What were the reforms JFK brought commonly known as?

A

‘New Frontier’

102
Q

What were LBJ’s reform programmes known as?

A

‘Great Society’

103
Q

JFK’s tax policy.

A

JFK cut taxes

104
Q

How much did JFK spend to create new jobs?

A

Gave $900 million to businesses to create new jobs

105
Q

JFK, minimum wage.

A

JFK increased the minimum hourly wage

106
Q

What did JFK do to help the unemployed?

A

He opened training schemes.

107
Q

What did JFK’s Social Security Act do?

A

Gave more benefits for the elderly and unemployed.

108
Q

Were JFK and LBJ D or R?

A

They were Democrats

109
Q

What did JFK do to help those living in poverty?

A

He invested $4.9 billion in the clearing of slum areas, and rebuilding neighbourhoods with the proper facilities. He built roads and telephone lines.

110
Q

Unemployment in 1960 and 1963.

A

Unemployment in 1963 was 4.5 million - only 1 million less than 1960.

111
Q

What year was JFK elected?

A

1960

112
Q

What was the main criticism of the ‘New Frontier’?

A

It didn’t do much for unemployment - it only helped people with existing jobs.

113
Q

What year did LBJ become president?

A

1963, after JFK’s death

114
Q

What was ‘Operation Headstart’?

A

LBJ’s policy that gave money to poor schools in cities.

115
Q

How did LBJ give more money to schools?

A
  • ‘Operation Headstart’, for schools in cities
  • Elementary and Secondary Education Act, major funding for schools.
116
Q

What was the National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities?

A

It gave grants to fund artists and galleries.

117
Q

LBJ’s reform that gave grants to fund artists and galleries.

A

National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities.

118
Q

What was the Job Corps?

A

LBJ’s plan to help high school leavers get jobs.

119
Q

By how much did LBJ increase the minimum wage?

A

From $1.25 to $1.40 an hour.

120
Q

What did LBJ’s Housing Act do?

A

Funded low-income housing.

121
Q

What did LBJ’s Model Cities Act do?

A

Cleared up inner-city slums.

122
Q

What did LBJ’s Air and Water Quality Acts do?

A

Tightened controls over pollution.

123
Q

What was LBJ’s ‘Medicare’?

A

It funded healthcare for the elderly and low income families.

124
Q

How did LBJ Fund low-income housing?

A

Housing Act

125
Q

How did LBJ clear inner-city slums?

A

Model Cities Act

126
Q

How did LBJ limit pollution?

A

Air and Water Quality Acts

127
Q

How did LBJ fund healthcare for the poor?

A

‘Medicare’

128
Q

How was LBJ perceived by the public?

A
  • He dramatically lowered poverty
  • He spent too much on his reforms
  • He supported Vietnam, which was unpopular
129
Q

African-Americans living in poverty, 1959 and 1970.

A

1959: 56% of black families lived in poverty
1970: only 30%

130
Q

White families living in poverty, 1959 and 1970.

A

1959: 18% lived in poverty
1970: only 8%

131
Q

Unemployment rising or falling, 1968?

A

In 1968, unemployment was rising and there was widespread rioting in poorer areas.

132
Q

What was the ‘Report on women in the workplace’?

A

President Kennedy set it up to see what problems there were.

133
Q

In what year was the report on women in the workplace published?

A

1963

134
Q

(Report on women in workplace)

Percentage of lawyers and doctors who were women.

A

Only 4% of lawyers and 7% of doctors were women.

135
Q

(Report on women in workplace)

What could happen to a woman if she married?

A

She could legally be dismissed.

136
Q

(Report on women in workplace)

Percentage of managers who were male?

A

95% of managers were male.

137
Q

(Report on women in workplace)

Women/Men pay gap?

A

Women earned around 60% less than men.

138
Q

What kicked off feminism? When?

A

A book called The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan, published in 1963.

139
Q

What did The Feminine Mystique argue?

A

It called for equality between men and women.

140
Q

When was the Equal Pay Act passed?

A

June 1963

141
Q

What was the Equal Pay Act?

A

It made law that women and men should be payed the same amount for the same job.

142
Q

What did NOW stand for?

A

National Organization for Women

143
Q

When was NOW established?

A

1966

144
Q

What did NOW campaign for?

A
  • Complete equal rights for women
  • Abortion rights
145
Q

How many members did NOW have?

A

Within a few years, it had 40,000 members.

146
Q

What was the Women’s Liberation movement?

A

Younger women who were more extreme in the way the protested.

147
Q

What did the Women’s Liberation movement colloquially come to be known as?

A

‘Women’s Lib’

148
Q

What did the Women’s Liberation Movement famously disrupt in 1968?

A

Miss World Beauty Contest of 1968

149
Q

When were married couples allowed to use contraceptives?

A

1965

150
Q

When were couples allowed to divorce by ‘mutual consent’?

A

1969, in California. Other states soon followed.

151
Q

When was the ‘Equal Rights Amendment’ passed by Congress?

A

1972

152
Q

Who led the ‘Stop ERA’ campaign?

A

Phyllis Schlafly

153
Q

What did Schlafly argue ERA would lead to?

A

That ERA would lead to women in combat, greater abortion rates, unisex bathrooms and homosexual marriages.

154
Q

Was Schlafly’s campaign successful?

A

Yes. ERA failed to become part of the US constitution.

155
Q

What did ERA state?

A

That ‘Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied by the United States or by any State on account of sex.’

156
Q

When was the ‘Roe v Wade’ case?

A

1973

157
Q

What was one of the key feminist goals?

A

To legalise abortion.
To have total equality.

158
Q

What was the Educational Amendment Act?

A

It banned sexual discrimination in education - that girls can study same subjects as boys.

159
Q

What did SCOTUS rule in 1973, pertaining to the ‘Roe v Wade’ case?

A

That women in all states had the right to a safe, legal abortion.

160
Q

What did the ‘Roe v Wade’ case entail?

A
  • Lawyers argued that 21yo ‘Roe’ (real name Norma McCorvey) had the right to an aborition.
  • Roe already had two children both of which had been put up for adoption.
161
Q

When was the Educational Amendment Act passed?

A

1972

162
Q

What important reform for women’s rights was passed in 1972?

A

The Educational Amendment Act.

History GCSE WES (14 decks)

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