Norman England c1066-c1100, Part Three: The Norman Church and monasticism Flashcards
What was the religion of Norman England?
Catholicism
How influential was the Church?
It was involved in education, politics, medicine, economics, religion obviously, and law.
Who produced books in Norman England?
The Church was the only institution that did.
How was the Church involved in politics?
Leading clergymen could be members of the Witan.
How as the Church involved in law?
The Church heard cases of crimes committed on Church land.
What was the popular architectural style for cathedrals at this time?
Romanesque style
Why were cathedrals built?
To show devotion to God, and to dominate the landscape and show Normans were now in charge.
What was a famous cathedral built at the time?
Durham Cathedral
What was the basic structure of cathedrals?
They were built in a cross shape.
They often faced east, like Durham, to Jerusalem.
What were William’s four main concerns with the Church when he became king?
Pluralism
Simony
Nepotism
Marriage
What is pluralism?
Clergy holding multiple jobs (and getting paid for them). e.g. A priest might be in charge of a parish in the south-west and another in the north-east, but never visit either of them.
What is simony?
Selling positions or jobs within the Church
What is nepotism?
Appointing unqualified family members to positions of power.
What was the problem with marriage within the Church?
Priests must be celibate. In reality, many priests were married and had children.
How many Anglo-Saxon bishops were there left?
In 1080, there was only one left.
Who was Lanfranc?
A Norman bishop, made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1070.
When did Lanfranc become Archbishop of Canterbury?
1070
Who did Lanfranc replace in becoming Archbishop of Canterbury?
Stigand, an Anglo-Saxon, was replaced.
How was the Church structured under William?
Dioceses were divided into archdeaconries, which were then divided into deaneries.
Who oversaw dioceses?
Bishops
In which towns were new cathedrals built?
Coventry, Salisbury and Lincoln.
What was ‘Peter’s Pence’?
A tax of one pence paid by every household that went to the Vatican.
When was the Council of Winchester?
1076
What did the Council of Winchester order?
That only Church courts can try clergy
Did William’s attempts at reform work?
Partially. However, many parish priests remained married.
What relationship did William have with the Pope?
It declined as time went on. This continued under William II
What was a reason William and the Pope’s relationship deteriorated?
William rewarded supporters with religious positions. However, only the Church had the power to do this.
How did William profit from the Church?
They collected geld (a tax) from religious houses and stole ornaments from English churches to send them to Norman churches.
When did Pope Alexander order William to pay penance?
1070
Who ordered William to pay penance?
Pope Alexander
What did Pope Alexander order William to do as penance?
Build the Battle Abbey at the site of the Battle of Hastings.
When was the Investiture Controversy?
1078
What was the Investiture Controversy?
The Pope banning kings from appointing bishops and abbots.
How did the Investiture Controversy end?
With the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
What did the Investiture Controversy cause to Pope to King relationships in Europe?
Major disagreements
What rule did monks and nuns follow?
The Rule of St Benedict
What did the Rule of St Benedict entail?
- Vow of poverty
- Vow of chastity
- Vow of obedience
- Vow of stability
Who were lay people?
People that were not members of a religious order
What did monks and nuns do during their day?
Copy out texts, tend to the sick and help the poor.
William encouraged the building of abbeys and monasteries. True or false?
True. Many grand buildings were constructed.
What did William do to ensure the Rule of St Benedict was properly enforced?
He brought abbots and abbesses from Normandy to English monasteries.
When was the Culniac Order introduced to England?
1077
What was different between the Culniac order to the Benedictine order?
The Culniac order interpreted the rule of St Benedict more strictly.
What did William do as penance for his violent invasion?
(For the monasteries)
He gave them money and land.
Who in the family would usually become a monk or nun?
Sons who wouldn’t inherit anything became monks and daughters who could not be married off became nuns.
What challenge was there with education?
Norman reform meant children could no longer be educated in monasteries, but barons and knights still wanted their children to be educated to the highest level.
How many schools were there?
By the twelfth century, 40 schools were established.
By the thirteenth, 75.
What was the language used in schools?
French. All writing was in latin.
When did Lanfranc die?
1089
When was Anselm appointed?
1093
Who did Anselm support?
The Pope (Gregory)
What was the main function of grammar schools?
To educate the clergy and produce literate lay people.
Were girls educated?
No. They could not attend grammar schools. They would rarely be educated at home; this only happened in rich families.
In what language did students write?
In latin. They were also taught to speak in latin and formed a detailed understanding of latin grammar.
When did the school year start and end?
Start in September, end in June for peasant children to help with the harvest.
What jobs did students typically pursue after grammar school?
Parish priest, secretarial clerk or merchant.
What age did boys start grammar school?
At ten
How long did boys have to go to grammar school.
Four years
