Migration c790 to the present day, Part One: Conquered and Conquerors Flashcards
When did the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes arrive?
Around 400AD
Which tribes came to Britain in 400AD?
The Angles, Saxons and Jutes.
What was the religion of the Anglo-Saxons?
Christianity
By which year had most of the Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity?
800AD
When did the Vikings start invading Britain?
In the 790s
Why did Vikings invade Britain?
They knew how wealthy it had become, and the land was more fertile in Britain than in Scandinavia.
When did the raid of Lindisfarne happen?
793AD
Where was Lindisfarne?
In Northumbria
What happened to the monastery at Lindisfarne?
It was plundered and pillaged.
What happened to the monks at Lindisfarne?
They were killed or driven away
When did Alfred become king?
871
What was Alfred king of?
Wessex
How old was Alfred when he became king?
22yo
By 876, what territories had the Vikings conquered?
Northumbria, East Anglia and most of Mercia
When do the Vikings start to attack Wessex?
876
When was the Battle of Edington?
May 878
What is the outcome of the Battle of Edington?
The Vikings are beaten by Alfred and his army.
Who fought who at the Battle of Edington?
Alfred and his army against the Vikings.
What do the two sides agree to after the Battle of Edington?
They agree on peace terms: Guthrum would become a Christian and promise never to attack Wessex again.
What was the name of the Viking leader?
Guthrum
What was the name of the territory the Vikings controlled?
The Danelaw
When did Alfred’s reign start and end?
871-899
What shows there was peace between Wessex and the Danelaw?
They traded, and Vikings and Anglo-Saxons intermarried.
What did other kingdoms in Britain recognise Alfred as?
They acknowledged him as ‘overlord’.
What did Anglo-Saxons begin to call themselves?
(At the end of the Ninth Century)
They called themselves Angelcynn
How long did it take for the Anglo-Saxons to get rid of the Vikings?
Only by 959 was the country as it was before.
When did Edgar the Peaceful die?
975
Who became king in 978?
Aethelred
Why did Aethelred become king?
His supporters murdered his half-brother, Edward.
When did Aethelred become king?
978
When did Aethelred’s reign end?
1013
When did Sven Forkbeard invade England?
991
Who led the Viking army in 991?
Dane Sven Forkbeard and Norwegian Olaf Tryggvason
Where did the Vikings land in 991?
Folkstone
How many ships did the Vikings have in 991?
90
What was the outcome of the Battle of Maldon?
The English were defeated by the Vikings.
When was the Battle of Maldon?
991
What did Aethelred do to keep the Vikings away?
He paid them
What was the money paid to the Vikings called?
Danegeld
Why did the Danegeld make the English angry?
Taxes were raised to pay for it.
What did Aethelred do to stop paying the Danegeld?
He made a deal with the Normans to support each other against Viking invasions. This made it easier to defend.
What happened in November 1002?
St Brice’s Day Massacre
What was the St Brice’s Day Massacre?
The mass killing of all Viking men, women and children found south of the Danelaw.
What is the Vikings’ reaction to the St Brice’s Day Massacre?
They are angered and prepare to invade England.
Who leads the Viking invasion of England in 1013?
Sven Forkbeard
Why is Sven Forkbeard angry?
His sister has been murdered in the massacre.
Is the Viking invasion successful?
Yes. Aethelred flees.
When does Forkbeard die?
1014
Who succeeds Forkbeard?
Cnut, Forkbeard’s son
When does Aethelred come back to England?
1014
What does Aethelred demand from Cnut?
That he go back to Denmark. Aethelred is back on the throne.
When do the rebellions against Aethelred start?
Around 1014
When does Aethelred die?
April 1016
Who succeeds Aethelred?
His son Edmund
What happens October 1016?
Cnut beats Edmund at the Battle of Assandun in Essex.
What do Cnut and Edmund agree to?
- Wessex will belong to Edmund
- The rest of the country will be led by Cnut
- When one of them dies the other will inherit the land.
When does Edmund die?
A month after the deal is done with Cnut.
When does Cnut become king of all of England?
By the end of 1016, Cnut is king of all of England.
What lands did king Cnut inherit after becoming king of England?
Soon after, he inherited the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway, and parts of Sweden.
What is Cnut’s land commonly referred to as?
The North Sea Empire.
Who did Cnut marry?
Emma of Normandy
Who were Emma of Normandy’s children?
Edward the Confessor (with Aethelred) and Harthacnut (with Cnut)
Who was Emma of Normandy?
Sister to the Duke of Normandy and Aethelred’s widow.
What was Emma of Normandy’s significance?
She was a strong leader who was respected and listened to. She improved relations with the Church and helped to bring peace to England.
When did Cnut die?
1035
Who succeeded Cnut after his death?
His son Harthacnut
When did Harthacnut die?
1042
Who succeeded Harthacnut after his death?
Edward the Confessor
When did Edward the Confessor become king?
1042
What day did Edward the Confessor die?
5th January 1066
When did William the Conqueror die?
1087
Who became king upon Edward’s death in 1066?
Harold Godwinson
When did William defeat Harold?
14th October 1066
How was William’s kingdom distributed among his sons upon his death?
William’s eldest son Robert got Normandy.
His son William got England.
His youngest son Henry got 5000 pounds in silver.
When did William II die?
In 1100
How did William II die?
Under mysterious circumstances in a ‘hunting accident’. Speculated to be an assassination as he was shot in the chest.
Who did Henry want to succeed him after his death?
He wanted his daughter, Matilda, to become Queen.
Who succeeded Henry after his death?
A powerful noble, Stephen seized the throne.
How did Matilda react after Stephen took the throne?
She fought back in a series of battles for the next 19 years.
What agreement was reached between Matilda and Stephen? When?
In 1053, they agreed Matilda’s son, Henry, would become king after Stephen’s death.
When did Stephen die?
October 1154
How did Henry acquire the territories of Maine, Anjou and Normandy?
From his father, Geoffrey Plantagenet. He inherited Maine and Anjou from his father, and conquered Normandy in 1144.
Who was Matilda married to?
Geoffrey of Anjou (Plantagenet)
When did Henry II marry Eleanor of Aquitaine?
In 1152
Who did Henry II marry?
Eleanor of Aquitaine.
What territories did Henry II control in 1152?
England, Normandy, Maine, Anjou and Aquitaine.
When did the invasion of Ireland start?
1166
How did Henry II get involved in Ireland?
King Dermot of Leinster asked Henry for help against another king. The knights and barons sent seized land for themselves.
How much land did the English have in Ireland?
By the mid-1170s, the English owned more land than the Irish.
What did Henry II do in Ireland?
He built more fortifications and developed Diblin as a centre of trade and commerce.
When did Henry II die?
1189
Who became king when Henry died?
His son Richard
What land did Richard lose?
Normandy and Anjou
When was Normandy and Anjou invaded?
1193 - 94.
Who invaded Normandy and Anjou?
Philip II of France
When does Richard I die?
1199
Who becomes king after Richard?
His brother John
How does the Angevin Empire start to crumble?
John made bad decisions and ran out of money at a crucial time.
What territories did Philip II capture under John’s reign?
By 1214, John had lost Normandy, Anjou, Maine, and moat of Aqutaine, with only Gascony left.
When does John die?
1216
What does the death of John Mark thr end of?
The end of the Angevin Empire.
Why were the English Barons angry with John?
John raised taxes to pay for battles to take the land he lost in France back.
What did the barons do to confront John?
They raised an army and occupied London until he accepted their demands.
When was the Magna Carta signed?
1215
What did the Magna Carta entail?
It forced the king to respect the rights of the barons and to stop unfair taxes.
Who signed the Magna Carta?
John I
What was John’s nickname?
‘Softsword’
Why we John called ‘Softsword’?
He was a poor military leader.
When did the Hundred Years War start?
1337
What economic causes were there for the Hundred Years War?
The French king threatened to invade Gascony, where wine was made, and Flanders, where British wool was sold and turned into cloth.
What social causes were there of the Hundred Years War?
If the people of Britain lost the wool trade, they would have to pay much higher taxes.
What political causes were there to the Hundred Years War?
- The English king thought he had a better claim to the French throne than the French king.
- The French had offered to help the Scots, with which the English were in conflict at the time.
When did the first stage of the Hundred Years War start and end?
1337 - 60
What famous battles were there in the first stage?
Battle of Crecy and Poitiers
What territory did Edward get control of in the first stage?
Gascony, Calais, part of Aquitaine
When was the Battle of Crecy?
1346
When was the Battle of Poitiers?
1356
At what battle was the French king captured?
Battle of Poitiers
What was the consequence of the French king being captured?
The French had to surrender extensive lands to the English.
What important battles did the English win in the first stage?
Battle of Crecy, Poitiers.
When was the second stage of the Hundred Years War?
1370
What happened in the second stage of the Hundred Years War?
The french took back some of the land they had lost.
When did the third stage of the Hundred Years War start and end?
1413 - 53
Who was the king of England for the first and second stages of the Hundred Years War?
Edward III
Who was the king of England for the third stage of the Hundred Years War?
Henry V
When was the Battle of Agincourt?
1415
Who won the Battle of Agincourt?
The French were defeated
What did Henry V do after the Battle of Agincourt?
He went on to conquer Normandy and tighten his grip on France.
What happened in 1422?
Henry V died
When did Henry V die?
1422
Who became king after Henry V?
Henry VI, his son
How did Henry VI fare against the French?
The French got back most of their land.
Short term consequences of the Hundred Years War?
- Soldiers and civilians on both sides killed.
- Areas of France devastated with buildings and crops destroyed.
Medium term consequences of the Hundred Years War?
- France unified under one king
- England lost wealth and territories, such as Normandy
- Gunpowder, canons and handguns were used more in battle
Long term consequences of the Hundred Years War?
- Increased nationalist feeling in both France and England
- English identity developed - the country began to see itself apart from Europe, having a common language and homeland.
