Migration c790 to the present day, Part 2: Facing West Flashcards
1
Q
When did Christopher Columbus land in the Americas?
A
1492
2
Q
Who was John Cabot?
A
He discovered Canada
3
Q
When did John Cabot discover Canada?
A
1496
4
Q
Why did John Cabot go to Canada?
A
Henry VII asked him to explore the ‘unknown’ world.
5
Q
Where did Christopher Columbus land in 1492?
A
The Americas
6
Q
What were privateers?
A
Ships that plundered riches from Spanish ships.
7
Q
What is the difference between privateers and pirates?
A
Privateers have the monarch’s permission to plunder. Pirates don’t share the wealth with the king.
8
Q
When did John Hawkins live?
A
1532-1595
9
Q
Who was John Hawkins?
A
A respected English naval commander, merchant, privateer and pirate. Responsible for building up the Elizabethan Royal Navy. Also a slave trader.
10
Q
Economic factors for migrating to the Americas?
A
- Plenty of land to grow ‘cash crops’
- Large profit made when crops are exported back to Britain.
11
Q
Religious factors for migrating to the Americas?
A
Catholics and Puritans wanted to escape religious conflict in Britain. Left to find religious freedom.
12
Q
Imperialist ideas motivating migration to the Americas?
A
British investors were keen to develop trade in the Americas because it would help pay for the growth of the British Empire elsewhere.
13
Q
When did the English stop plundering?
A
The monarch stopped giving as many privateer permissions. By the 1720s, piracy was rare in the Americas.
14
Q
Why was working on plantations in the Americas hard?
A
- hard conditions
- new diseases
- hot weather
- crop failures and food shortages
15
Q
What were indentured servants?
A
Servants that were brought over to America but had to work a certain amount of time before they were free.
16
Q
When did the British take control of Barbados?
A
1625
17
Q
What was grown on Barbados?
A
Tabbacco and sugar.
18
Q
How many slaves were there in Barbados?
A
By 1655, Barbados was the largest British colony of enslaved people.
19
Q
When were slaves introduced to plantations?
A
1619
20
Q
Why were slaves used to work on plantations?
A
They were cheaper and could be bought outright.
21
Q
What was the slave triangle?
A
The slave triangle was a three-part trading journey
22
Q
What were the three parts of the slave triangle?
A
- Traders leave Britain to Africa, ships full of goods.
- Traders trade goods with Africans in return for prisoners.
- In the Armericas, the slaves are traded to plantation owners.
23
Q
What return on investment could slave traders expect?
A
They could expect to earn up to 800% on their investment.
24
Q
What part did John Hawkins play in the slave trade?
A
He was the first to make the slave-trade voyage. This made him very rich.
25
When did John Hawkins first go on the slave-trade journey?
In 1562, his voyage funded by a group of London merchants.
26
What was the economic impact of the slave trade?
* England became very wealthy and powerful
* Many people benifitied from the slave trade, whether directly or indirectly.
27
How much did the slave trade industry make?
Between 1761 and 1808, the industry made £60 million.
28
What was the social impact of the slave trade?
* Cities like Glasgow, Liverpool &c grew because of the money made.
* It led to the belief that Europeans are superior to Africans.
29
When was the slave trade abolished?
1807
30
When was slave ownership in the British Empire banned?
1833
31
How many colonies were there in North America?
13
32
By what time were the thirteen colonies established?
mid-1700s
33
Economic factors for migrating to America?
* High levels of unemployment in Britain
* Higher wages in America
34
War factors for migrating to America?
The Civil War in Britain had resulted in increased conflict between religious groups in Britain
35
Religious factors for migrating to America?
* Christian groups (Puritans, Quakers and Catholics) had suffered persecution in Britain.
* Could be executed for failure to attend Anglican services.
36
When was Jamestown founded?
1607
37
In which state was Jamestown?
Virginia
38
Who established Jamestown?
Businessmen who were given permission by James I
39
Why did the businessmen come to Jamestown?
To find gold and grow crops
40
Was Jamestown a success?
Yes. After some initial conflict between the settlers and the natives, some native tribes helped them grow crops. Commodities such as tobacco making Jamestown a success.
41
When was New Plymouth founded?
1620
42
In which state is New Plymouth?
Massachusetts
43
Who founded New Plymouth?
Puritans, arriving on the Mayflower.
44
Why did the Puritans come to New Plymouth?
To escape religious persecution.
45
What did the founders of New Plymouth come to be known as?
The Pilgrim Fathers
46
Was New Plymouth a success?
Yes. They worked hard and farmed offshore cod. They established democratic principles that would become the foundation of modern America.
47
When did Walter Raleigh live?
c1554-1618
48
Who was Sir Walter Raleigh?
He was a sea captain for Queen Elizabeth and King James I
49
What did Walter Raleigh do in 1584?
He established the colony of Roanoke.
50
What happened at the colony of Roanoke?
They ran out of food, got into conflict with the natives, and caught malaria. The colony failed.
51
What is Sir Walter Raleigh known as?
'The Father of American Colonies', despite his colony being a failure.
52
What happened to the indigenous American tribes?
They were wiped out by diseases the Europeans brought over, or they were killed outright by the colonisers.
53
Population decrease in indigenous Americans?
In 1500, there were 560,000 natives in 'British' territories.
By 1700, there were fewer than 280,000.
54
What proportion of the American population today is Native American?
Only 0.7%
55
Where did Native American tribes migrate in response to the British colonists?
They moved further inland to avoid the settlers.
56
What encouraged the belief that anyone could be successful regardless of background in America?
Many successful colonists were self-made and saw the British class system as outdated.
57
Why did many colonist think they could exist separately from Britain?
They had a strong economy that didn't rely on trade with Britain.
58
What did the Navigation Acts do?
They made it so only British goods could be imported into America. The colonists could no longer trade with other countries.
59
When did the Navigation Acts start and end?
1651-73
60
What are the long term causes of tension between the American colonists and the British?
* America had a strong economy
* Navigation Acts greatly angered the colonists
* The Navigation Acts reduced the type and amount of goods that could be brought to America. Competition was rare and prices high.
61
What were some medium term causes for tension between the American colonists and the British?
* Americans were ruled by the British but not represented in Parliament.
* Stamp Act taxed paper
* Colonists had to pay taxes to fund wars with the French they felt had little to do with them.
62
When was the Stamp act introduced?
1765
63
What did the Stamp Act do?
It taxed all printed materials in the colonies, including newspapers, legal documents, licenses, and playing cards.
64
What was a common chant the colonists used?
'No Taxation without Representation'
65
When was the Boston Tea Party?
16 December 1773
66
What were some short term causes for tension between the American colonists and the British?
Boston Tea Party, British response.
67
What was the Boston Tea Party?
Colonists poured British tea into the harbour in protest at the tax on tea imposed by the British.
68
What was the British response to the Boston Tea Party?
They closed the Boston port, causing even more anger.
69
When did the 'First Congress' meet?
1774
70
What was the 'First Congress'?
56 representatives from the colonies met to decide how to deal with the British. The decision was made to fight the British.
71
When was George Washington appointed leader of the American army?
July 1775
72
When did Congress meet for the second time?
July 1776
73
When did the American colonies declare themselves independent from Britain?
4th July 1776
74
When did the British concede they had lost the war?
3rd September 1783
75
What were the casualties at the end of the War of Independance?
10,000 soldiers died, 20,000 sailors died
76
When did the War of Independence start?
At the First Congress, in 1774.
77
How much did the War of Independence cost to Britain?
£80 million
78
When was the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre?
August 1572
79
What does Queen Elizabeth do in response to the St Bartholemew's day Massacre?
She makes England a welcome place for Huguenots. 1672-98
80
What was the St Bartholemew's day Massacre?
Tens of thousands of French protestants killed
81
What was the Edict of Nantes?
A bill of rights for the Huguenots which granted them freedom to practise their religion.
82
When is thr Edict of Nantes issued?
1598
83
Who issued the Edict of Nantes?
The French king Henri IV
84
When is the Edict of Nantes torn up?
1685
85
Which french king tears up the Edict of Nantes?
Louis XIV
86
How many Huguenots migrate to Britain after the revokation of the Edict of Nantes?
50,000
87
What impact did the French Huguenots have on England?
* They established businesses in communities all over England
* Transformed existing British industries e.g. bookbinding
* Started up new industries such as papermaking.
88
England's papermaking industry after the Huguenot migration.
By the 1710s, Huguenot expertise meant that Britain had 200 paper mills, supplying 70% of Britain's paper market.
89
What industries did the Huguenots positively impact?
They revitalised the silk weaving trade, kick-started various manufacturing industries, such as cutlery making in Sheffield, and invested heavily in growing businesses.
| Also started papermaking and transformed bookbinding.
90
Where was Ulster?
The Northern part of Ireland
91
What were the Ulster Plantations?
Protestants from Scotland and England James I 'planted', sent, to Ireland to keep control of Ulster.
92
When did the Ulster Plantations happen?
Started in 1609, carried on in the 1610s and 1620s.
93
Why did the Protestant settlers in Ulster create tension with the Irish?
* The Irish were Catholic.
* They saw the settlement as an invasion.
94
How long lasting was the impact of the Ulster Plantations?
The resentment between the Catholics and Protestants lasted for centuries.
95
How did the people of the Scotland Highlands live before the Highland Clearances?
They lived in clans in the Highlands. they lived on small farms called crofts.
96
What language did the people of Scotland speak before the Highland Clearances?
Many spoke Gaelic
97
How did the people of the Scotland Lowlands live before the Highland Clearances?
Towns and cities were growing and manufacturing and merchants were becoming wealthy.
98
What religion did the Highlanders follow?
They were mostly Catholic and Jacobites.
99
When were the Jacobite Rebellions?
1715, 1745
100
At what battle were the Highlanders defeated?
Battle of Culloden in 1746
101
When was the Battle of Culloden?
1746
102
Who participated in the Jacobite Rebellions?
The Highlanders.
103
What did the English King want to do after the Battle of Culloden?
He wanted to reduce the power the Highlanders had.W
104
Who was the king at the time of the Battle of Culloden?
George I
105
What did George do to reduce the Highlanders' power?
He started removing all potential opposition by getting rid of the Scottish chiefs and clans that did not support George I.
106
What did English landlords do to make more money off the Scottish land?
They removed tenant farmers off the land and set up large scale sheep farming.
107
How many Highlanders were evicted?
From the 1780s to the 1820s, tens of thousands of Highlanders were evicted.
108
Where were Highlanders moved to?
Some were forced onto barren coastal lands or on unworkable land where they starved to death.
109
Where did Highlanders move to looking for work?
Moved to towns and cities in the lowlands, or migrated to England and to countries such as Canada and America.
110
Around what time did the Highland Clearances happen?
1780s to 1820s
111
What are the Scottish people that migrated out of Britain referred to as?
The Scottish Disaspora
112
What were the main reasons for the Highland Clearances?
* Weakening the Highlanders to prevent any rebellions.
* Making land available for large-scale sheep farming.
