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History GCSE WES > Migration c790 to the present day, Part 2: Facing West > Flashcards

Migration c790 to the present day, Part 2: Facing West Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Christopher Columbus land in the Americas?

A

1492

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2
Q

Who was John Cabot?

A

He discovered Canada

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3
Q

When did John Cabot discover Canada?

A

1496

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4
Q

Why did John Cabot go to Canada?

A

Henry VII asked him to explore the ‘unknown’ world.

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5
Q

Where did Christopher Columbus land in 1492?

A

The Americas

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6
Q

What were privateers?

A

Ships that plundered riches from Spanish ships.

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7
Q

What is the difference between privateers and pirates?

A

Privateers have the monarch’s permission to plunder. Pirates don’t share the wealth with the king.

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8
Q

When did John Hawkins live?

A

1532-1595

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9
Q

Who was John Hawkins?

A

A respected English naval commander, merchant, privateer and pirate. Responsible for building up the Elizabethan Royal Navy. Also a slave trader.

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10
Q

Economic factors for migrating to the Americas?

A
  • Plenty of land to grow ‘cash crops’
  • Large profit made when crops are exported back to Britain.
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11
Q

Religious factors for migrating to the Americas?

A

Catholics and Puritans wanted to escape religious conflict in Britain. Left to find religious freedom.

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12
Q

Imperialist ideas motivating migration to the Americas?

A

British investors were keen to develop trade in the Americas because it would help pay for the growth of the British Empire elsewhere.

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13
Q

When did the English stop plundering?

A

The monarch stopped giving as many privateer permissions. By the 1720s, piracy was rare in the Americas.

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14
Q

Why was working on plantations in the Americas hard?

A
  • hard conditions
  • new diseases
  • hot weather
  • crop failures and food shortages
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15
Q

What were indentured servants?

A

Servants that were brought over to America but had to work a certain amount of time before they were free.

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16
Q

When did the British take control of Barbados?

A

1625

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17
Q

What was grown on Barbados?

A

Tabbacco and sugar.

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18
Q

How many slaves were there in Barbados?

A

By 1655, Barbados was the largest British colony of enslaved people.

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19
Q

When were slaves introduced to plantations?

A

1619

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20
Q

Why were slaves used to work on plantations?

A

They were cheaper and could be bought outright.

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21
Q

What was the slave triangle?

A

The slave triangle was a three-part trading journey

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22
Q

What were the three parts of the slave triangle?

A
  1. Traders leave Britain to Africa, ships full of goods.
  2. Traders trade goods with Africans in return for prisoners.
  3. In the Armericas, the slaves are traded to plantation owners.
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23
Q

What return on investment could slave traders expect?

A

They could expect to earn up to 800% on their investment.

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24
Q

What part did John Hawkins play in the slave trade?

A

He was the first to make the slave-trade voyage. This made him very rich.

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25
Q

When did John Hawkins first go on the slave-trade journey?

A

In 1562, his voyage funded by a group of London merchants.

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26
Q

What was the economic impact of the slave trade?

A
  • England became very wealthy and powerful
  • Many people benifitied from the slave trade, whether directly or indirectly.
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27
Q

How much did the slave trade industry make?

A

Between 1761 and 1808, the industry made £60 million.

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28
Q

What was the social impact of the slave trade?

A
  • Cities like Glasgow, Liverpool &c grew because of the money made.
  • It led to the belief that Europeans are superior to Africans.
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29
Q

When was the slave trade abolished?

A

1807

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30
Q

When was slave ownership in the British Empire banned?

A

1833

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31
Q

How many colonies were there in North America?

A

13

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32
Q

By what time were the thirteen colonies established?

A

mid-1700s

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33
Q

Economic factors for migrating to America?

A
  • High levels of unemployment in Britain
  • Higher wages in America
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34
Q

War factors for migrating to America?

A

The Civil War in Britain had resulted in increased conflict between religious groups in Britain

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35
Q

Religious factors for migrating to America?

A
  • Christian groups (Puritans, Quakers and Catholics) had suffered persecution in Britain.
  • Could be executed for failure to attend Anglican services.
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36
Q

When was Jamestown founded?

A

1607

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37
Q

In which state was Jamestown?

A

Virginia

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38
Q

Who established Jamestown?

A

Businessmen who were given permission by James I

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39
Q

Why did the businessmen come to Jamestown?

A

To find gold and grow crops

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40
Q

Was Jamestown a success?

A

Yes. After some initial conflict between the settlers and the natives, some native tribes helped them grow crops. Commodities such as tobacco making Jamestown a success.

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41
Q

When was New Plymouth founded?

A

1620

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42
Q

In which state is New Plymouth?

A

Massachusetts

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43
Q

Who founded New Plymouth?

A

Puritans, arriving on the Mayflower.

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44
Q

Why did the Puritans come to New Plymouth?

A

To escape religious persecution.

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45
Q

What did the founders of New Plymouth come to be known as?

A

The Pilgrim Fathers

46
Q

Was New Plymouth a success?

A

Yes. They worked hard and farmed offshore cod. They established democratic principles that would become the foundation of modern America.

47
Q

When did Walter Raleigh live?

A

c1554-1618

48
Q

Who was Sir Walter Raleigh?

A

He was a sea captain for Queen Elizabeth and King James I

49
Q

What did Walter Raleigh do in 1584?

A

He established the colony of Roanoke.

50
Q

What happened at the colony of Roanoke?

A

They ran out of food, got into conflict with the natives, and caught malaria. The colony failed.

51
Q

What is Sir Walter Raleigh known as?

A

‘The Father of American Colonies’, despite his colony being a failure.

52
Q

What happened to the indigenous American tribes?

A

They were wiped out by diseases the Europeans brought over, or they were killed outright by the colonisers.

53
Q

Population decrease in indigenous Americans?

A

In 1500, there were 560,000 natives in ‘British’ territories.
By 1700, there were fewer than 280,000.

54
Q

What proportion of the American population today is Native American?

A

Only 0.7%

55
Q

Where did Native American tribes migrate in response to the British colonists?

A

They moved further inland to avoid the settlers.

56
Q

What encouraged the belief that anyone could be successful regardless of background in America?

A

Many successful colonists were self-made and saw the British class system as outdated.

57
Q

Why did many colonist think they could exist separately from Britain?

A

They had a strong economy that didn’t rely on trade with Britain.

58
Q

What did the Navigation Acts do?

A

They made it so only British goods could be imported into America. The colonists could no longer trade with other countries.

59
Q

When did the Navigation Acts start and end?

A

1651-73

60
Q

What are the long term causes of tension between the American colonists and the British?

A
  • America had a strong economy
  • Navigation Acts greatly angered the colonists
  • The Navigation Acts reduced the type and amount of goods that could be brought to America. Competition was rare and prices high.
61
Q

What were some medium term causes for tension between the American colonists and the British?

A
  • Americans were ruled by the British but not represented in Parliament.
  • Stamp Act taxed paper
  • Colonists had to pay taxes to fund wars with the French they felt had little to do with them.
62
Q

When was the Stamp act introduced?

A

1765

63
Q

What did the Stamp Act do?

A

It taxed all printed materials in the colonies, including newspapers, legal documents, licenses, and playing cards.

64
Q

What was a common chant the colonists used?

A

‘No Taxation without Representation’

65
Q

When was the Boston Tea Party?

A

16 December 1773

66
Q

What were some short term causes for tension between the American colonists and the British?

A

Boston Tea Party, British response.

67
Q

What was the Boston Tea Party?

A

Colonists poured British tea into the harbour in protest at the tax on tea imposed by the British.

68
Q

What was the British response to the Boston Tea Party?

A

They closed the Boston port, causing even more anger.

69
Q

When did the ‘First Congress’ meet?

A

1774

70
Q

What was the ‘First Congress’?

A

56 representatives from the colonies met to decide how to deal with the British. The decision was made to fight the British.

71
Q

When was George Washington appointed leader of the American army?

A

July 1775

72
Q

When did Congress meet for the second time?

A

July 1776

73
Q

When did the American colonies declare themselves independent from Britain?

A

4th July 1776

74
Q

When did the British concede they had lost the war?

A

3rd September 1783

75
Q

What were the casualties at the end of the War of Independance?

A

10,000 soldiers died, 20,000 sailors died

76
Q

When did the War of Independence start?

A

At the First Congress, in 1774.

77
Q

How much did the War of Independence cost to Britain?

A

£80 million

78
Q

When was the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre?

A

August 1572

79
Q

What does Queen Elizabeth do in response to the St Bartholemew’s day Massacre?

A

She makes England a welcome place for Huguenots. 1672-98

80
Q

What was the St Bartholemew’s day Massacre?

A

Tens of thousands of French protestants killed

81
Q

What was the Edict of Nantes?

A

A bill of rights for the Huguenots which granted them freedom to practise their religion.

82
Q

When is thr Edict of Nantes issued?

A

1598

83
Q

Who issued the Edict of Nantes?

A

The French king Henri IV

84
Q

When is the Edict of Nantes torn up?

A

1685

85
Q

Which french king tears up the Edict of Nantes?

A

Louis XIV

86
Q

How many Huguenots migrate to Britain after the revokation of the Edict of Nantes?

A

50,000

87
Q

What impact did the French Huguenots have on England?

A
  • They established businesses in communities all over England
  • Transformed existing British industries e.g. bookbinding
  • Started up new industries such as papermaking.
88
Q

England’s papermaking industry after the Huguenot migration.

A

By the 1710s, Huguenot expertise meant that Britain had 200 paper mills, supplying 70% of Britain’s paper market.

89
Q

What industries did the Huguenots positively impact?

A

They revitalised the silk weaving trade, kick-started various manufacturing industries, such as cutlery making in Sheffield, and invested heavily in growing businesses.

Also started papermaking and transformed bookbinding.

90
Q

Where was Ulster?

A

The Northern part of Ireland

91
Q

What were the Ulster Plantations?

A

Protestants from Scotland and England James I ‘planted’, sent, to Ireland to keep control of Ulster.

92
Q

When did the Ulster Plantations happen?

A

Started in 1609, carried on in the 1610s and 1620s.

93
Q

Why did the Protestant settlers in Ulster create tension with the Irish?

A
  • The Irish were Catholic.
  • They saw the settlement as an invasion.
94
Q

How long lasting was the impact of the Ulster Plantations?

A

The resentment between the Catholics and Protestants lasted for centuries.

95
Q

How did the people of the Scotland Highlands live before the Highland Clearances?

A

They lived in clans in the Highlands. they lived on small farms called crofts.

96
Q

What language did the people of Scotland speak before the Highland Clearances?

A

Many spoke Gaelic

97
Q

How did the people of the Scotland Lowlands live before the Highland Clearances?

A

Towns and cities were growing and manufacturing and merchants were becoming wealthy.

98
Q

What religion did the Highlanders follow?

A

They were mostly Catholic and Jacobites.

99
Q

When were the Jacobite Rebellions?

A

1715, 1745

100
Q

At what battle were the Highlanders defeated?

A

Battle of Culloden in 1746

101
Q

When was the Battle of Culloden?

A

1746

102
Q

Who participated in the Jacobite Rebellions?

A

The Highlanders.

103
Q

What did the English King want to do after the Battle of Culloden?

A

He wanted to reduce the power the Highlanders had.W

104
Q

Who was the king at the time of the Battle of Culloden?

A

George I

105
Q

What did George do to reduce the Highlanders’ power?

A

He started removing all potential opposition by getting rid of the Scottish chiefs and clans that did not support George I.

106
Q

What did English landlords do to make more money off the Scottish land?

A

They removed tenant farmers off the land and set up large scale sheep farming.

107
Q

How many Highlanders were evicted?

A

From the 1780s to the 1820s, tens of thousands of Highlanders were evicted.

108
Q

Where were Highlanders moved to?

A

Some were forced onto barren coastal lands or on unworkable land where they starved to death.

109
Q

Where did Highlanders move to looking for work?

A

Moved to towns and cities in the lowlands, or migrated to England and to countries such as Canada and America.

110
Q

Around what time did the Highland Clearances happen?

A

1780s to 1820s

111
Q

What are the Scottish people that migrated out of Britain referred to as?

A

The Scottish Disaspora

112
Q

What were the main reasons for the Highland Clearances?

A
  • Weakening the Highlanders to prevent any rebellions.
  • Making land available for large-scale sheep farming.

History GCSE WES (14 decks)

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