Normal limb development and variations Flashcards
what is endochondral ossification?
new bone is formed from cartilage which gets invaded by a blood supply and then becomes bone (the turning into bone is called ossification)
what is the growth plate in bones?
physis
Which areas in the upper and lower limb do most of the growing?
wrists, shoulders and around the knee (bits that stick out of the water if youre sitting in the bath)
give 4 factors that can affect bone growth at the physis?
diet & nutrition
sunshine (vit D)
injury to the growth plate
growth hormone
What is the difference between Genu Varum and Genu valgum?
varum = bow legged valgum = knock kneed
What are red flags for an underling cause of Genu Varum?
pain
unilateral deformity
severe bowleggedness
Give 4 pathological causes of Genu Varum?
Skeletal dysplasia (genetic disorder)
Rickets (vitamin D deficiency)
Tumour
Blounts disease
What is Blounts Disease?
growth arrest of the medial tibial physis causing bone to grow around it, leading to beaking at the proximal tibia and unilateral Genu Varum
Give 2 pathological causes of Genu valgum?
Tumours (enchondroma, osteochondroma)
Rickets (vitamin D deficiency)
What 3 individual problems can cause an intoeing gait?
Femoral neck anteversion
Interal tibial torsion
Metatarsus adductus
(its usually a combination of all of them)
What is the difference between flexible and fixed flat feet and how are they determined?
stand on tip toes:
flexible will create an arch on tip toes, fixed won’t
Fixed = bony problem
flexible = no abnormal bone fusion
What can cause fixed flat feet?
tarsal coalition - bone across a joint so it can’t move
Is anterior knee pain more common in boys or girls?
Girls
Which toes tend to be affected by curly toes?
3rd or 4th toes
By what age do the majority of curly toes resolve themselves?
Age 6
