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Structure And Function 2 Test 3 > Norden - Reticular Formation > Flashcards

Norden - Reticular Formation Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the nucleus basalis of Meynert?

A

Basal forebrain

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2
Q

The nucleus basalis of Meynert has neurons which use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter. These project widely to the cerebral cortex ______ a synapse in the thalamus

A

Without

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3
Q

Works to gate thalamo-cortical relay neurons so that all sensory input gets to the cortex at the same time.
Only has connections with other nuclei in the thalamus
Receives input from other thalamic nuclei and gets widespread information from the cortex

A

Reticular nucleus of the Thalamus

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4
Q

Part of reticular formation in the midbrain that plays a role in determining whether pain info will be transmitted to higher centers of the brain

A

Periaqueductal gray

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5
Q

5HT / serotonergic neurons that have widespread projections to the frontal lobe including cortex w/o relay in thalamus. Plays role in regulation of consciousness, mood, and attention.

A

Dorsal Raphe Nuclei

In midbrain

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6
Q

Pigmented neurons that use epinephrine.

Has widespread projection to; limbic structures, cortex w/o thalamic relay, dorsal horn of spinal cord

Plays role in; arousal, response to stress, mood, pain modulation, selective attention

A

Nucleus locus coeruleus

(In pons

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7
Q

Two nuclei.
Cholinergic
Involved in wakefullness, REM sleep, and indirect arousal system.
Must be suppressed in order for sleep to occur

A

Pedunculo-pontine nucleus

Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

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8
Q

Abnormalities in the maturation of spines of respiratory center neurons are seen in the reticular formation in?

A

Infants who have died from SIDS

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9
Q

Two nuclei, both with descending projections to lamina of rexed II (substantia gelatinosa).

Help modulate the transmission of pain in the nervous system

A

Nucleus raphe magnus

Rostral ventral medulla area

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10
Q

Rostral ventral medulla area (RVM) neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

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11
Q

Nucleus raphe magnus Neurotransmitter

A

Serotonin 5 HT

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12
Q

The reticular formation nuclei play a role in the maintenance of __?

A

Consciousness
Wakefullnes
Arousal
Attention

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13
Q

Activated exclusively during the waking state

A

Nucleus locus coeruleus, raphe nucleus of ret. form. And tuberomammillary nuclei

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14
Q

Indirect system, activated during the waking state and during REM sleep

A

Pedunculo-pontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei

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15
Q

The projections of ARAS function to _____ cortex to allow for incoming sensory info to be processed

A

Prime

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16
Q

You are not conscious or aware unless

A

Your reticular formation stimulates your cortex

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17
Q

The ARAS is believed to be responsible for shunting of potentially life-threatening or fearful info directly to the ____ from the _____

A

Amygdala

Thalamus

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18
Q

The ARAS performs _____ gating of information

A

Bottom up

19
Q

The cortex can exert _____ gating of information

A

Top down

20
Q

For normal consciousness / wakefullness, both the ++++ and the ____- must be activated

A

ARAS and cortex

21
Q

A prolonged an profound loss of consciousness and responsiveness.
Both wakefulness/ arousal and awareness are lost.
Sleep/wake cycles absent
Brainstem reflexes may be elicited, but no visual tracking.
Unarousable and unresponsive

A

COMA

22
Q 
Consists of :
Periods of responsiveness/ wakefullness
Minimal/variable awareness
Sleep wake cycles are present
Highly variable EEG
Visual tracking occurs
A

Minimally conscious state

23
Q 
Consists of :
NO visual tracking
NO awareness
Variable periods of wakefulness and arousal
Sleep / wake - variable but intact
Brainstem function intact
May be aroused to noxious stimuli
A

Vegetative state

24
Q

A persistent vegetative state is when a vegetative state lasts_ _- _

A

1 month

25
Q

Causes of COMA

A

Bilateral lesion of the brainstem (specifically ARAS at the ponto-mesencephalic - diencephalic junction)

Bilateral lesion of the hemisphere leading to compromise (most commonly from encephalopathy due to anoxic, toxic, or metabolic insult; increased ICP; overdose

Bilateral lesion of the thalamus

26
Q

Irreversible unconsciousness w/ complete loss of brain function, including irreversible loss of the ability to breath

A

Brain death

27
Q

Major transmitters used in the reticular formation:

A

Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine

28
Q

Reticular formation projections modulate the activity of ____ and ____

A

Glutamate and GABA

29
Q

What are the 4 dopaminergic pathways in the brain?

A

Substantia nigra —> neostriatum. [extrapyramidal motor system]

Ventral Tegmental area (VTA) —> nucleus accumbens septi [reward system]

VTA —> cortex ( especially prefrontal areas )

Arcuate nucleus (of tuberal region of hypothalamus —> anterior pituitary [inhibition of the synthesis and release of prolactin]

30
Q

Positive signs and symptoms of schizophrenia (hallucinations, delusions, psychosis) are due to?

A

Too much dopamine in meso-limbic circuits

31
Q

Negative signs and symptoms of schizophrenia (cognitive dysfunction, difficulty concentrating, difficulty w/ memory) are due to ?

A

Too little dopamine in meso-cortical circuits

32
Q

Why does haldol exacerbate the negative s/s of schizophrenia?

A

Haldol blocks the dopamine in the meso-limbic circuit, effectively stopping the positive symptoms.

It also blocks the already too little dopamine in the meso-cortical circuit, exacerbating the negative s/s.

33
Q

Tardive dyskinesia is caused by?

A

Hypersensitization of the dopamine receptors in the extrapyramidal motor system, secondary to haloperidol usage.

34
Q

Uncontrolled movement, especially of the upper limbs and face

A

Tardive dyskinesia

35
Q

The ______, located in the pontine reticular formation provides the majority of norepinephrine input in the nucleus

A

Nucleus locus coeruleus

36
Q

5HT/serotonin is a major neurotransmitter used in

A

Raphe nuclie

37
Q

Dorsal raphe nucleus has a critical role in the modulation of

A

Mood

38
Q

This nucleus in the medullary reticular formation receives input from the periaqueductal gray and sends to the substantia gelatinosa in the spinal cord to modulate pain

A

Nucleus raphe magnus

39
Q

Sends acetylcholine to the cortex w/o relay in thalamus. Has role in human behavior

A

Nucleus basalis of meynert

40
Q

What physical changes can be seen in adults whom were abused (sexual, neglect, emotional) as children

A
  • decreased limbic structure volume (left greater than right )
  • cerebral cortex (prefrontal and temporal)
  • hippocampus and dentate nucleus (these people have decreased scores on verbal memory tests)
  • amygdala
  • cerebellar vermis
  • corpus callosum
41
Q

What areas see increased activation in adults who were abused as children?

A

Amygdala
HPA axis
ARAS - hyperalertness and arousability

42
Q

The greatest effect of abuse from males comes from childhood experiences of ?

A

Neglect

43
Q

The greatest effect of abuse from females comes from childhood experiences of ?

A

Sexual abuse (from family member especially)

44
Q

Altered protein subunits of GABA receptors in the amygdala secondary to childhood abuse can cause?

A

Decreased inhibitory circuits —> hyperactivation

Structure And Function 2 Test 3 (21 decks)

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