Green - Sleep

Question 1

Emotionally-triggered, transient muscle weakness

Answer 1

Cataplexy

Question 2

Graph that represents the stages of sleep as a function of time

Answer 2

Hypnogram

Question 3

High amplitude brain waveform observed by EEG during stage 2 of NREM sleep

Answer 3

K-complex

Question 4

Neurohormone secreted by the pineal gland that modulates the sleep-wake cycle

Answer 4

Melatonin

Question 5

Sleep stages 1-3

Answer 5

NREM sleep

Question 6

Neuropeptide secreted by the posterior lateral hypothalamus that promotes waking. Also called hypocretin

Answer 6

Orexin

Question 7

Rapid eye movement sleep

Answer 7

REM Sleep

Question 8

Direct entry into REM sleep after REM sleep deprivation

Answer 8

REM rebound

Question 9

Found in anterior hypothalamus; controls the circadian rhythm

Answer 9

Suprachiasmatac nucleus

Question 10

Time of maximum sleep drive and minimal arousal

Answer 10

Sleep gate

Question 11

Burst of lower amplitude brainwave activity observed by EEG during stage 2 of NREM sleep

Answer 11

Sleep spindle

Question 12

Stage 3 sleep

Answer 12

Slow wave sleep

Question 13

Part of lateral hypothalamic region; active during wakefulness; secretes histamine

Answer 13

Tuberomammillary nucleus

Question 14

Part of hypothalamus; secretes GABA: active during sleep

Answer 14

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

Question 15

Possible reasons for sleep

Answer 15

. energy conservation and replenishment 2. tissue restoration 3. boosting of immune system function 4. consolidation of learning and memory 5. renormalization of synaptic strength and number

Question 16

Lack of sleep can cause:

Answer 16

Increased appetite

Impaired memory

Reduced cognitive abilities

Mood swings

Hallucinations

Death

Question 17

Synthesis of melatonin, by the pineal gland, increases as ?

Answer 17

Light decreases

Question 18

When you are awake, what is shown on eeg?

Answer 18

High frequency, low amplitude EEG waves - beta waves

Question 19

Stage 1 sleep consists of a drowsy period. What is seen on EEG?

Answer 19

Slightly lower frequency and higher amplitude of EEG waves

- theta waves

Question 20

Stage 3 sleep on EEG?

Answer 20

Low frequency and high amplitude EEG waves - delta waves

Question 21

Physiological changes seen in NREM sleep

Answer 21

Decrease in: blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tone, breathing rate, metabolic rate, body temperature, body movements (although tossing and turning may occur)

Also see sleepwalking and sleep talking in this stage

Question 22

EEG readings in REM sleep

Answer 22

Activity that is similar to awake state

Question 23

Penile erection occurs during

Answer 23

REM sleep

Question 24

Physical changes that associate REM sleep?

Answer 24

Increase in blood pressure, heart rate, metabolic rate.

Penile erection

Question 25

When stimulated, causes awakening of sleeping animal

Answer 25

RAS

Question 26

When stimulated, causes awake animal to fall asleep

Answer 26

Thalamus

Question 27

Nonadrenergic neurons of locus coeruleus and serotonergic neurons of raphe nucle are active during

Answer 27

Wakefulness

Question 28

Neurons from the hypothalamus synthesize ____ which promotes waking

Answer 28

Orexin/ hypocretin

Question 29

This nucleus’s neurons help to induce sleep by inhibiting networks responsible for awake state. Uses GABA and galanin as inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 29

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

Question 30

Neurons in reticular activating system, locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei active Orexin synthesize neurons active, which reinforces.

Answer 30

Awake state

Question 31

VLPO neurons active, which inhibit neurons responsible for wakefulness Orexin - synthesizing neurons inhibited

Answer 31

Sleep state

Question 32

Adenosine builds up; VLPO sends signal to arousal centers to stope producing neurotransmitters that keep us alert

Answer 32

Falling asleep

Question 33

SCN generates cue that signals VLPO to stop firing. Arousal centers activated

Answer 33

Waking up

Question 34

The inability to sleep for a sufficient length of time

Answer 34

Insomnia

Question 35

Causes of insomnia

Answer 35

Stress, jet lag, caffeine, depression, medication, anxiety

Question 36

How does caffeine work to stop sleepfulness?

Answer 36

By blocking the effects of adenosine

Question 37

Interupted breathing due to obstruction of upper respiratry tract, causing interruptions in the sleep of people

Answer 37

Obstructive sleep apnea

Question 38

What can be the outcomes of people with chronic, untreated obstructive sleep apnea?

Answer 38

Chronically tired during daytime | Development HTN, increased risk for MI, CVA

Question 39

____ % of people with obstructive sleep apnea are not obese

Answer 39

30

Question 40

What causes breathing levels to increase in obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 40

Decreased SAO2, increased CO2

Question 41

Efferent signal to diaphragm not sufficient to signal breathing. Occurs in all sleep stages, but more common in early NREM 5% of all apneas.

Answer 41

Central apnea

Question 42

Cause not completely understood. Could be from improper development of respiratory drives which causes pt to be unable to awake themselves from slow wave sleep in the event of apnea

Answer 42

SIDS

Question 43

What can help infant arousal from SWS, in preventiono of SIDS

Answer 43

Having the infant on their backs

Question 44

At night, patient will have a searing, prickling, or crawling sensation in their legs which is improved with a cyclic, rhythmical movements of legs, even during sleep. Common in older adults / elderly

Answer 44

Restless leg syndrome

Question 45

1. excessive daytime sleepiness 2. may have frequent periods of REM sleep without going through NREM sleep 3. lose muscle control (cataplexy) during episodes of emotion 4. symptoms also include hallucinations during onset of both sleep and wakefulness, sleep paralysis, automatic behavior, and disrupted nighttime sleep 5. abnormal boundaries of wakefulness, NREM sleep, and REM sleep 6. either REM sleep inappropriately generated or inhibition of REM sleep impaired 7. patients have lost orexin/hypocretin-synthesizing neurons

Answer 45

Narcolepsy

Question 46

symptoms also include hallucinations during onset of both sleep and wakefulness, sleep paralysis, automatic behavior, and disrupted nighttime sleep lost orexin/hypocretin-synthesizing neurons Excessive daytime sleepiness Cataplexy

Answer 46

Narcolepsy

Question 47

Brainstem disorder which prevents the paralysis of muscles. Characterized by kicking, punching, or otherwise acting out aggressive dreams during sleep. Mostly in men over age 50 Associated with an increase incidence of Parkinson’s disease

Answer 47

REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD)

Question 48

Lack of sleep associated with increased incidence of?

Answer 48

Obesity, diabetes, CVD