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Structure And Function 2 Test 3 > Green - Sleep > Flashcards

Green - Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Emotionally-triggered, transient muscle weakness

A

Cataplexy

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2
Q

Graph that represents the stages of sleep as a function of time

A

Hypnogram

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3
Q

High amplitude brain waveform observed by EEG during stage 2 of NREM sleep

A

K-complex

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4
Q

Neurohormone secreted by the pineal gland that modulates the sleep-wake cycle

A

Melatonin

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5
Q

Sleep stages 1-3

A

NREM sleep

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6
Q

Neuropeptide secreted by the posterior lateral hypothalamus that promotes waking. Also called hypocretin

A

Orexin

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7
Q

Rapid eye movement sleep

A

REM Sleep

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8
Q

Direct entry into REM sleep after REM sleep deprivation

A

REM rebound

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9
Q

Found in anterior hypothalamus; controls the circadian rhythm

A

Suprachiasmatac nucleus

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10
Q

Time of maximum sleep drive and minimal arousal

A

Sleep gate

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11
Q

Burst of lower amplitude brainwave activity observed by EEG during stage 2 of NREM sleep

A

Sleep spindle

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12
Q

Stage 3 sleep

A

Slow wave sleep

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13
Q

Part of lateral hypothalamic region; active during wakefulness; secretes histamine

A

Tuberomammillary nucleus

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14
Q

Part of hypothalamus; secretes GABA: active during sleep

A

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

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15
Q

Possible reasons for sleep

A

. energy conservation and replenishment 2. tissue restoration 3. boosting of immune system function 4. consolidation of learning and memory 5. renormalization of synaptic strength and number

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16
Q

Lack of sleep can cause:

A

Increased appetite

Impaired memory

Reduced cognitive abilities

Mood swings

Hallucinations

Death

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17
Q

Synthesis of melatonin, by the pineal gland, increases as ?

A

Light decreases

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18
Q

When you are awake, what is shown on eeg?

A

High frequency, low amplitude EEG waves - beta waves

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19
Q

Stage 1 sleep consists of a drowsy period. What is seen on EEG?

A

Slightly lower frequency and higher amplitude of EEG waves

- theta waves

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20
Q

Stage 3 sleep on EEG?

A

Low frequency and high amplitude EEG waves - delta waves

21
Q

Physiological changes seen in NREM sleep

A

Decrease in: blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tone, breathing rate, metabolic rate, body temperature, body movements (although tossing and turning may occur)

Also see sleepwalking and sleep talking in this stage

22
Q

EEG readings in REM sleep

A

Activity that is similar to awake state

23
Q

Penile erection occurs during

A

REM sleep

24
Q

Physical changes that associate REM sleep?

A

Increase in blood pressure, heart rate, metabolic rate.

Penile erection

25
Q

When stimulated, causes awakening of sleeping animal

A

RAS

26
Q

When stimulated, causes awake animal to fall asleep

A

Thalamus

27
Q

Nonadrenergic neurons of locus coeruleus and serotonergic neurons of raphe nucle are active during

A

Wakefulness

28
Q

Neurons from the hypothalamus synthesize ____ which promotes waking

A

Orexin/ hypocretin

29
Q

This nucleus’s neurons help to induce sleep by inhibiting networks responsible for awake state.

Uses GABA and galanin as inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

30
Q

Neurons in reticular activating system, locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei active

Orexin synthesize neurons active, which reinforces.

A

Awake state

31
Q

VLPO neurons active, which inhibit neurons responsible for wakefulness

Orexin - synthesizing neurons inhibited

A

Sleep state

32
Q

Adenosine builds up; VLPO sends signal to arousal centers to stope producing neurotransmitters that keep us alert

A

Falling asleep

33
Q

SCN generates cue that signals VLPO to stop firing. Arousal centers activated

A

Waking up

34
Q

The inability to sleep for a sufficient length of time

A

Insomnia

35
Q

Causes of insomnia

A

Stress, jet lag, caffeine, depression, medication, anxiety

36
Q

How does caffeine work to stop sleepfulness?

A

By blocking the effects of adenosine

37
Q

Interupted breathing due to obstruction of upper respiratry tract, causing interruptions in the sleep of people

A

Obstructive sleep apnea

38
Q

What can be the outcomes of people with chronic, untreated obstructive sleep apnea?

A

Chronically tired during daytime

Development HTN, increased risk for MI, CVA

39
Q

____ % of people with obstructive sleep apnea are not obese

A

30

40
Q

What causes breathing levels to increase in obstructive sleep apnea

A

Decreased SAO2, increased CO2

41
Q

Efferent signal to diaphragm not sufficient to signal breathing. Occurs in all sleep stages, but more common in early NREM
5% of all apneas.

A

Central apnea

42
Q

Cause not completely understood.

Could be from improper development of respiratory drives which causes pt to be unable to awake themselves from slow wave sleep in the event of apnea

A

SIDS

43
Q

What can help infant arousal from SWS, in preventiono of SIDS

A

Having the infant on their backs

44
Q

At night, patient will have a searing, prickling, or crawling sensation in their legs which is improved with a cyclic, rhythmical movements of legs, even during sleep.

Common in older adults / elderly

A

Restless leg syndrome

45
Q
  1. excessive daytime sleepiness 2. may have frequent periods of REM sleep without going through NREM sleep 3. lose muscle control (cataplexy) during episodes of emotion
  2. symptoms also include hallucinations during onset of both sleep and wakefulness,
    sleep paralysis, automatic behavior, and disrupted nighttime sleep
    5. abnormal boundaries of wakefulness, NREM sleep, and REM sleep 6. either REM sleep inappropriately generated or inhibition of REM sleep impaired
  3. patients have lost orexin/hypocretin-synthesizing neurons
A

Narcolepsy

46
Q

symptoms also include hallucinations during onset of both sleep and wakefulness,
sleep paralysis, automatic behavior, and disrupted nighttime sleep

lost orexin/hypocretin-synthesizing neurons

Excessive daytime sleepiness

Cataplexy

A

Narcolepsy

47
Q

Brainstem disorder which prevents the paralysis of muscles. Characterized by kicking, punching, or otherwise acting out aggressive dreams during sleep.

Mostly in men over age 50
Associated with an increase incidence of Parkinson’s disease

A

REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD)

48
Q

Lack of sleep associated with increased incidence of?

A

Obesity, diabetes, CVD

Structure And Function 2 Test 3 (21 decks)

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