Grover- Learning And Memory Flashcards
A change in behavior, or acquisition of knowledge or skills that occurs as a result of exerience
Learning
Retention of a learned behavior knowledge or skills
Memory
Declarative memory stage. Lasts seconds. Also called the sensory registry. Info from this stage must be further processed or will be rapidly lost
Immediate phase
Digit span test
Give patient a randomly sequenced order of numbers, all single digit. See how many they can remember. Most people, between 5 and 9
This phase requires conscious attention. Will allow for the storage of 5-9 pieces of inormation.
Transient.
Short-term memory
What can disrupt information which is incompletely consolidated into long term memory?
Head trauma, seizures,, electroconvulsive therapy
What is one way to test the long-term memory?
Famous faces test. Show person faces of people that are famous that they should recognize.
This phase of memory is resistance to forgetting. Requires consolidation of information, which is not sure how long it takes .
Does not require constant attention
Long term memory
Declarative memory impairment
Amnesia
Loss of memories that were already formed as a result of pathology affecting the area of the brain where these memories were stored
Retrograde amnesia
The loss of ability to form new memories. Results from damage to areas of the brain where consolidation occurs
Anterograde amnesia
Immediate memory is a function of ?
High level sensory/association areas of the cerebral cortex
Long term storage of information occurs within the ?
Same high level sensory/association cortical areas which are responsible for the perception of complex stimulus properitts
The inability to recognize familiar faces, including pt’s own face
Face agnosia
Facial agnosia results from ?
Bilateral lesions in the ventral visual association cortices
In facialagnosia, what is impaired?
Both a high level perceptual function and a specific memory function are imparied
Bilateral lesions to consolidations pathways affect either (MDS or MTLS). These cause?
Global, anterograde amnesia
Part of the hippocampus that is involved in memory consolidation. This area is particularly vulnerable to ischemic anoxia. Bilateral damage will produce a relatively mild global ischemia.
CA3
Consolidation is
Gradual and cumulative
Significant memory consolidation occurs
During sleep
Especially during slow wave sleep when large areas of hemispheres are synchronously active
Strengthening of synapses in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, and neocortex occrus through aprocess called
Long term potentiation
What does the activation of calcium dependent enzymes do as far as long term potentiation is concerned.
Increases sensitivity of postsyn neuron to glutamate by:
Phosphorylation of AMPA/KA receptors (increases gating in resposne to glu)
New ampa/ka receptors are inserted in the postsyn membrane
Fast, catch up, movements that are not part of the HVOR reflex, but are triggered as a consequence of the reflex.
Saccades
Two common clinical tests for HVOR function are ?
Caloric test
Rotatory chair
Under normal conditions, caloric testing of the VOR, the fast movements do what?
Cold
Opposite
Warm
Same
Cows
The fast phase of nystagmus (saccade) is generated by eye movements controlled in the ?
Forebrain
A lesion involving the ____________ impairs conjugate movement of the eyes by disrupting the pathway which coordinates eye movements during the HVOR.
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Absence of eye movements in an HVOR test indicates?
Lower level brain stem lesion.
High frequencies oscillate the basilar membrane at the ?
Base
Low frequencies oscillate the basilar membrane at the?
Apex
What protein in outer hair cells cause the cells to change length?
Prestin
Changes in outer hair cell length increase the relative motion of the basal and tectorial membrane, thereby
Increasing the response of the inner hair cells. This is called cochlear amplification
How is sound intensity encoded?
by an increase in the number of action potentials fired in individual afferent fibers (frequency coding), and by an increase in the number of afferent fibers firing action potentials.
