Grover- Learning And Memory

Question 1

A change in behavior, or acquisition of knowledge or skills that occurs as a result of exerience

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

Retention of a learned behavior knowledge or skills

Answer 2

Memory

Question 3

Declarative memory stage. Lasts seconds. Also called the sensory registry. Info from this stage must be further processed or will be rapidly lost

Answer 3

Immediate phase

Question 4

Digit span test

Answer 4

Give patient a randomly sequenced order of numbers, all single digit. See how many they can remember. Most people, between 5 and 9

Question 5

This phase requires conscious attention. Will allow for the storage of 5-9 pieces of inormation.
Transient.

Answer 5

Short-term memory

Question 6

What can disrupt information which is incompletely consolidated into long term memory?

Answer 6

Head trauma, seizures,, electroconvulsive therapy

Question 7

What is one way to test the long-term memory?

Answer 7

Famous faces test. Show person faces of people that are famous that they should recognize.

Question 8

This phase of memory is resistance to forgetting. Requires consolidation of information, which is not sure how long it takes .
Does not require constant attention

Answer 8

Long term memory

Question 9

Declarative memory impairment

Answer 9

Amnesia

Question 10

Loss of memories that were already formed as a result of pathology affecting the area of the brain where these memories were stored

Answer 10

Retrograde amnesia

Question 11

The loss of ability to form new memories. Results from damage to areas of the brain where consolidation occurs

Answer 11

Anterograde amnesia

Question 12

Immediate memory is a function of ?

Answer 12

High level sensory/association areas of the cerebral cortex

Question 13

Long term storage of information occurs within the ?

Answer 13

Same high level sensory/association cortical areas which are responsible for the perception of complex stimulus properitts

Question 14

The inability to recognize familiar faces, including pt’s own face

Answer 14

Face agnosia

Question 15

Facial agnosia results from ?

Answer 15

Bilateral lesions in the ventral visual association cortices

Question 16

In facialagnosia, what is impaired?

Answer 16

Both a high level perceptual function and a specific memory function are imparied

Question 17

Bilateral lesions to consolidations pathways affect either (MDS or MTLS). These cause?

Answer 17

Global, anterograde amnesia

Question 18

Part of the hippocampus that is involved in memory consolidation. This area is particularly vulnerable to ischemic anoxia. Bilateral damage will produce a relatively mild global ischemia.

Answer 18

CA3

Question 19

Consolidation is

Answer 19

Gradual and cumulative

Question 20

Significant memory consolidation occurs

Answer 20

During sleep

Especially during slow wave sleep when large areas of hemispheres are synchronously active

Question 21

Strengthening of synapses in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, and neocortex occrus through aprocess called

Answer 21

Long term potentiation

Question 22

What does the activation of calcium dependent enzymes do as far as long term potentiation is concerned.

Answer 22

Increases sensitivity of postsyn neuron to glutamate by:
Phosphorylation of AMPA/KA receptors (increases gating in resposne to glu)

New ampa/ka receptors are inserted in the postsyn membrane

Question 23

Fast, catch up, movements that are not part of the HVOR reflex, but are triggered as a consequence of the reflex.

Answer 23

Saccades

Question 24

Two common clinical tests for HVOR function are ?

Answer 24

Caloric test

Rotatory chair

Question 25

Under normal conditions, caloric testing of the VOR, the fast movements do what?

Answer 25

Cold
Opposite
Warm
Same

Cows

Question 26

The fast phase of nystagmus (saccade) is generated by eye movements controlled in the ?

Answer 26

Forebrain

Question 27

A lesion involving the ____________ impairs conjugate movement of the eyes by disrupting the pathway which coordinates eye movements during the HVOR.

Answer 27

Medial longitudinal fasciculus

Question 28

Absence of eye movements in an HVOR test indicates?

Answer 28

Lower level brain stem lesion.

Question 29

High frequencies oscillate the basilar membrane at the ?

Answer 29

Base

Question 30

Low frequencies oscillate the basilar membrane at the?

Answer 30

Apex

Question 31

What protein in outer hair cells cause the cells to change length?

Answer 31

Prestin

Question 32

Changes in outer hair cell length increase the relative motion of the basal and tectorial membrane, thereby

Answer 32

Increasing the response of the inner hair cells. This is called cochlear amplification

Question 33

How is sound intensity encoded?

Answer 33

by an increase in the number of action potentials fired in individual afferent fibers (frequency coding), and by an increase in the number of afferent fibers firing action potentials.