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Structure And Function 2 Test 3 > Norden - Alzheimer's > Flashcards

Norden - Alzheimer's Flashcards

1
Q

Eliminates unnecessary synapses and helps to distribute synapses along dendrites into specific domains

A

Synapse elimination

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2
Q

-_____ occurs from the third trimester through the first two years of life

A

Brain growth spurt

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3
Q

What allows for the brain growth spurt (3rd trimester -> 2 years)

A

Increased size of neurons

Increased number and size of glial cells

Elaborate dendritication

Increase myelination of axons

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4
Q

A progressive mental deterioration/decline

A

Dementia

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5
Q

Most common causes of death in alzheimer’s patients

A

Infection / aspiration 2nd to pneumonia

Cerebral hemorrhage (amyloid proteins degenerate the vasculature of brain)

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6
Q

Where is atrophy most pronounced in alzheimer’s brains?

A

Neocortical association cortex and in secondary motor and sensory areas of parietal temporal and frontal lobes

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7
Q

The changes in memory in alzheimer’s disease are most likely due to neuron loss where?

A 
Area 28
Hippocampus
Prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Global loss in neocortex
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8
Q

Loss of learned fear and emotional memory in Alzheimer’s patients comes from ?

A

Neurodegeneration in the amygdala

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9
Q

Projects to the cortex w/o relay to thalamus. Main cholinergic input to cortex.

Degeneration always associated with dementia

A

Nucleus basalis of meynert

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10
Q

This is possibly responsible for the decreased blood and glucose to the brain in alzheimers disease, because of its function to regulate cerebral blood flow in the cortex.

A

Nucleus locus coeruleus

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11
Q

5HT, projections to neocortical areas especially frontal lobe. Degenerates in ALZ. Responsible for regulation of mood/ mood abnormalities assoc’d w alzheimers

A

Raphe nuclei

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12
Q

What changes are seen on nissl stains in alzheimers neurons

A

Decreased neuronal body staining, likely due to decreased RNA.
Chromatolysis

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13
Q

Silver stain shows what in Alzheimers brain?

A

Neurofibrillary tangle (NFT’s) which are intracellular twisted filaments

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14
Q

What are neurfibrillary tangles comprised of ?

A

Paired helical filaments (phf)

These are insoludble, polymers of tau proteins, which are microtubule associated cytoskeletal proteins.

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15
Q

What is different regarding tau anti body recognition in alzheimer’s patient’s ?

A

Tau antibodies usually recognize PHF’s, but in alz, these are hyperphosphorylated and not recognized by the antibodies

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16
Q

NFT’s are located?

A

Intracellular

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17
Q

Plaques are located ?

A

Extracellular

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18
Q

What is seen in silver stains of neuropil areas ?

A

Plaques, extracellularly

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19
Q

The diagnosis of alzheimers on autopsy is based on ?

A

Plaques/view/age

20
Q

Describe the structure that is plaques?

A

Core of beta-amyloid protein (insoluble) and microglia

In periphery; astrocytes ( which cause inflammation), swollen neurites, degenerating mitochondria, PHF’s, lysosomes, Apolipoprotein E

21
Q

Amyloid can replace the blood vessel wall and lead to leakage and hemorrhage. Contributes to decreased blood flow and can be why cerebrovascular hemorrhage is common in late alzheimers

A

Congophilic angiopathy

22
Q

What is believed to be the reason that there is decreased acetylcholine in alz pt’s.

A

Degeneration of the nucleus basilis of meynert and degen of integrative interneurons (golgi type II)

23
Q

What causes decreased norepinephrine in the cortex in alz pt’s

A

Nucleus coerules degradation

24
Q

What causes decreased 5HT in alzheimers?

A

Degeneration of the raphe nuclei

25
Q

Common early changes in Alzheimer’s disease are?

A 
Memory loss (working and short-term) 
Decreased initiative (hobbies, self-hygiene)
Depression 
Faulty judgement, loss of insight, other higher order functions.
26
Q

Why is the long term use of anti-psychotic drugs like haldol and clozapine contraindicated in alzheimer’s patients?

A

Increased risk of death

May be used acutely

27
Q

Why does deep brain stimulation of the fornix help reduce memory loss in alzheimers patients (early stage)

A

It stimulated the glucose metabolism in the brain and activates papez circuit

28
Q

What is early onset familial alzheimer’s disease?

A

Onset before 65
Autosomal dominant
Chromosome 21, 14, 1

29
Q

In alzheimers there is a ___ and ____ of beta amyloid protein

A

Augmented release

Failure of removal

30
Q

Leading theory for spontaneous alzheimer’s is that it is caused by ?

A

Neovascular issues

31
Q

When neuronal activity no longer working with blood supply

A

Neurovascular uncoupling

32
Q

What is the result of faulty beta-amyloid clearance, aborrhent angiogenesis, and age-related cerebrovascular changes ?

A

Neurovascular uncoupling, vessel regression, hypoperfusion of brain, inflammation

Which lead to the eventual compromise of the blood brain barrier

33
Q

The nun study first recognized what?

A

The co-morbidity between alzheimer’s disease and cardiovascular disease

34
Q

In the nun study, which were the only nuns who developed alzheimer’s disease?

A

The ones who had suffered numerous brain microinfarctions

35
Q

The apoE allele is on which chromosome?

A

19

36
Q

inheritance of what allele (especially if both are this allele) is associated with increase risk of alzhemiers

A

ApoE4

37
Q

Individuals w/ E4/E4 show decreased rates of ______, even as young adults.
These are the earliest changes identified in brain w increased alz risk

A

Glucose metabolism

38
Q

ApoE is ____ neurons under normal conditions

A

Not found

39
Q

ApoE binds _____ in extracellular space and may contribute to formation of mature plaques

A

Amyloid beta

40
Q

E4/E4 inheritance shows an increased difficulty in recovery from

A

Stroke or head injury

41
Q

Chronic stress kills neurons in the hippocampus via?

A

Cortisol binding

42
Q

Short term memory loss w/o other impairments

A

Mild cognitive impairment

43
Q

60-80-100% of patients with mild cognitive impairment go on to develop?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

44
Q

Factors shown to increase neurogenesis in adult/aging brain?

A

Enrichment
Decreasing chronic stress
Increasing physical exercise

45
Q

Prevents age-related neurogenesis in the brain. Helps maintain a healthy cardiovascular system, regulates blood glucose and weight, and decreases stress. Significantly decreases the risk for Alzheimer’s disease

A

Exercise

Structure And Function 2 Test 3 (21 decks)

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