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Structure And Function 2 Test 3 > Grover > Flashcards

Grover Flashcards

1
Q

In an EEG, two electrodes are needed. What are they?

A
  1. An active electrode, placed over the site of neural activity
  2. An indifferent electrode placed at some distance from the active electrode
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2
Q

Frequency of beta waves

A

13-30 Hz

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3
Q

Frequency of alpha waves

A

8-13 Hz

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4
Q

Frequency of theta waves

A

4-8Hz

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5
Q

Frequency of Delta waves

A

0.5 - 3.5Hz

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6
Q

Smallest amplitude EEG. Associated w/ mental activity. Observed during active, alert wakefulness and REM sleep

A

Beta waves

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7
Q

Generally associated w/ a state of relaxed wakefullness. Most prominent over the parietal and occipital lobes

A

Alpha waves

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8
Q

More prominent in young than adult. May be observed during awake, drowsy, and non-REM sleep states

A

Theta waves

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9
Q

Prominent during non-REM sleep.

A

Delta waves

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10
Q

Nucleus of trigeminal nerve that carries sensory info from face to synapse in pons.

Carry information about discriminative touch, vibration, and conscious proprioception

A

Chief Sensory Nucleus

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11
Q

Trigeminal ganglia neurons

A

Chief sensory nucleus

Spinal trigeminal nucleus

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12
Q

What amplitude is eeg activity that is typically recorded from the scalp?

A

20-100microvolts

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13
Q

The movement of positive charge into intracellular compartment causes ?

A 
Current sink
(Transient local excess of negative charge)
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14
Q

The return flow of current to the Extracellular space creates ?

A

A current source (transient, local excess of positive charge)

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15
Q

Bc EEG recordings. Reflect the summed activity of neurons, the amplitude is primarily a function of ?

A

The degree of synchronization w/in the neuronal population being measured

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16
Q

Alpha rhythms are most prominent at ____

A

Parietal and occipital locations

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17
Q

Specific change in ongoing EEG activity caused by stimulation of a sensory pathway

A

Sensory evoked potential

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18
Q

Auditory evoked potentials can be used for what ?

A

Diagnose hearing problems in very small children

Assess brainstem integrity in unconscious or comatose patients

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19
Q

The outward manifestation of a seizure depends ON?

A

Brain location affected

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20
Q

Seizures restricted to one area of the brain

A

Partial seizures

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21
Q

Seizures involving abnormal activation of many areas of the brain

A

Generalized seizures

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22
Q

What happens in a simple partial seizure?

A

Patient retains consciousness but may experience unusual feelings or sensation (joy, anger, sadness, nausea / hear, smell, taste, see, or feel)

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23
Q

What characterizes a complex partial seizure

A

Change of consciousness (dreamlike experience or loss of consciousness)

Automatisms (repetitive blinks, twitches, mouth movements)

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24
Q

Warning of an impending seizure

A

Aura

25
Q

When a partial seizure starts in one region, but spreads to involve other areas

A

Secondary generalization

26
Q

These happen from abnormal neuronal activity that appears synchronously across many parts of brain

A

Generalized seizures

27
Q

Loss of consciousness, loss of muscle tone, massive muscle spasms

A

Generalized seizures

28
Q

Tonic seizures, clonic seizures, atonic seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, abscence seizuures

A

Generalized seizuures

29
Q

Fomerly; petit mal seizures, pt appears to be staring off into space/ muscle jerking or twitching

A

Absence seizures

30
Q

Type of seizure characterized by muscles stiffening, mostly in the back, legs, and arms

A

Tonic seizures

31
Q

Type of seizure characterized by repetitive jerking movements of muscles bilaterally

A

Clonic seizures

32
Q

Type of seizure characterized by both tonic and clonic muscle contractions. Stiffening of body and repeated jerks of the arms and/or legs\ formerly grand mal seizures

A

Tonic-clonic seizures

33
Q

Type of seizure characterized by the loss of normal muscle tone.
The patient may fall

A

Atonic seizures

34
Q

Ictus

A

Seizure

35
Q

Causes of epilepsy

A

Damage from trauma, stroke, or tumors

Congenital developmental irregularities

Genetic disorders

36
Q

Definition of pain:

A

Unpleasant sensory and emotion experience associated with tissue damage

37
Q

An increase in pain response to a normally painful stimulation

A

Hyperalgesia

38
Q

Pain of short duration which resolves w/ healing of damaged tissue

A

Acute pain

39
Q

Pain that lasts longer than time for normal healing.

Definition for chronic pain is a fixed amount of time for specific locations..

A

Chronic pain

40
Q

Pain caused by damage or dysfunction in any part of. The peripheral or central nervous system

A

Neuropathic pain

41
Q

Traumatic neuromas are formed by ?

A

Proliferating schwann cells and axon sprouts attempting to regrow

42
Q

Neuropathic pain can result from _____ of peripheral nerves

A

Injury or inflammation

43
Q

Nociceptor activators

A

Potassium
Serotonin
Bradykinin
Histamine

44
Q

Nociceptor sensitizers

A

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Substance P (CGRP)
Serotonin

45
Q

Axon reflex:

A

Peripheral ends of nociceptors are branched.

Activation of one nociceptor ending sends both orthodromic and antidromic action potentials

Antidromic ones invade nociceptor endings that weren’t originally activated.

The terminals release glutamate. And sometimes substance P or CGRP

46
Q

An increase in pain response to a normally painful stimulation

A

Hyperalgesia

47
Q

Occurs in tissue surrounding site of injury. Caused by peripheral release of chemical activators and sensitizers during axon reflex

A

Primary hyperalgesia

48
Q

The extent of primary hyperalgesia correlates with ?

A

The redness due to vasodilation induced by release of substance P and CGRP (by axon reflex )

49
Q

Sensation of pain in the absence of any apparent stimulation

A

Spontaneous pain

50
Q

Sensation of pain resulting from stimuli which would normally not be capable of causing pain

A

Allodynia

51
Q

Pain that lasts longer than the time that it takes for normal healing

A

Chronic pain

52
Q

Caused by damage or dysfunction in any part of the PNS or CNS

A

Neuropathic pain

53
Q

What are traumatic neuromas?

A

Trauma to peripheral nerve leads to formation.
Made of proliferating schwann cells and axon sprouts attempting to regrow. Axons can generate inappropriate, spontaneous action potentials

54
Q

Inappropriate, spontaneous action potentials generated by traumatic neuromas?

A

Ectopic discharges

55
Q

What contributes to ectopic discharges originating in both neuromas and in pain at the dorsal root ganglia?

A

Abnormally increased expression of voltage-gated sodium channels

56
Q

What contributes to thermal hyperalgesia in peripheral nerve injury?

A

Peripheral nerve injury increases TRP channel expression in nociceptors

57
Q

What peripheral mechanism do cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor use to relieve pain (aspirin)

A

Inhibition in the formation of prostaglandins.

58
Q

How do corticosteroids relieve pain?

A

By reducing inflammation, thereby decreasing the production of chemical sensitizers and activators

Structure And Function 2 Test 3 (21 decks)

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