Grover

Question 1

In an EEG, two electrodes are needed. What are they?

Answer 1

1. An active electrode, placed over the site of neural activity
2. An indifferent electrode placed at some distance from the active electrode

Question 2

Frequency of beta waves

Answer 2

13-30 Hz

Question 3

Frequency of alpha waves

Answer 3

8-13 Hz

Question 4

Frequency of theta waves

Answer 4

4-8Hz

Question 5

Frequency of Delta waves

Answer 5

0.5 - 3.5Hz

Question 6

Smallest amplitude EEG. Associated w/ mental activity. Observed during active, alert wakefulness and REM sleep

Answer 6

Beta waves

Question 7

Generally associated w/ a state of relaxed wakefullness. Most prominent over the parietal and occipital lobes

Answer 7

Alpha waves

Question 8

More prominent in young than adult. May be observed during awake, drowsy, and non-REM sleep states

Answer 8

Theta waves

Question 9

Prominent during non-REM sleep.

Answer 9

Delta waves

Question 10

Nucleus of trigeminal nerve that carries sensory info from face to synapse in pons.

Carry information about discriminative touch, vibration, and conscious proprioception

Answer 10

Chief Sensory Nucleus

Question 11

Trigeminal ganglia neurons

Answer 11

Chief sensory nucleus

Spinal trigeminal nucleus

Question 12

What amplitude is eeg activity that is typically recorded from the scalp?

Answer 12

20-100microvolts

Question 13

The movement of positive charge into intracellular compartment causes ?

Answer 13

Current sink
(Transient local excess of negative charge)

Question 14

The return flow of current to the Extracellular space creates ?

Answer 14

A current source (transient, local excess of positive charge)

Question 15

Bc EEG recordings. Reflect the summed activity of neurons, the amplitude is primarily a function of ?

Answer 15

The degree of synchronization w/in the neuronal population being measured

Question 16

Alpha rhythms are most prominent at ____

Answer 16

Parietal and occipital locations

Question 17

Specific change in ongoing EEG activity caused by stimulation of a sensory pathway

Answer 17

Sensory evoked potential

Question 18

Auditory evoked potentials can be used for what ?

Answer 18

Diagnose hearing problems in very small children

Assess brainstem integrity in unconscious or comatose patients

Question 19

The outward manifestation of a seizure depends ON?

Answer 19

Brain location affected

Question 20

Seizures restricted to one area of the brain

Answer 20

Partial seizures

Question 21

Seizures involving abnormal activation of many areas of the brain

Answer 21

Generalized seizures

Question 22

What happens in a simple partial seizure?

Answer 22

Patient retains consciousness but may experience unusual feelings or sensation (joy, anger, sadness, nausea / hear, smell, taste, see, or feel)

Question 23

What characterizes a complex partial seizure

Answer 23

Change of consciousness (dreamlike experience or loss of consciousness)

Automatisms (repetitive blinks, twitches, mouth movements)

Question 24

Warning of an impending seizure

Answer 24

Aura

Question 25

When a partial seizure starts in one region, but spreads to involve other areas

Answer 25

Secondary generalization

Question 26

These happen from abnormal neuronal activity that appears synchronously across many parts of brain

Answer 26

Generalized seizures

Question 27

Loss of consciousness, loss of muscle tone, massive muscle spasms

Answer 27

Generalized seizures

Question 28

Tonic seizures, clonic seizures, atonic seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, abscence seizuures

Answer 28

Generalized seizuures

Question 29

Fomerly; petit mal seizures, pt appears to be staring off into space/ muscle jerking or twitching

Answer 29

Absence seizures

Question 30

Type of seizure characterized by muscles stiffening, mostly in the back, legs, and arms

Answer 30

Tonic seizures

Question 31

Type of seizure characterized by repetitive jerking movements of muscles bilaterally

Answer 31

Clonic seizures

Question 32

Type of seizure characterized by both tonic and clonic muscle contractions. Stiffening of body and repeated jerks of the arms and/or legs\\ formerly grand mal seizures

Answer 32

Tonic-clonic seizures

Question 33

Type of seizure characterized by the loss of normal muscle tone. The patient may fall

Answer 33

Atonic seizures

Question 34

Ictus

Answer 34

Seizure

Question 35

Causes of epilepsy

Answer 35

Damage from trauma, stroke, or tumors Congenital developmental irregularities Genetic disorders

Question 36

Definition of pain:

Answer 36

Unpleasant sensory and emotion experience associated with tissue damage

Question 37

An increase in pain response to a normally painful stimulation

Answer 37

Hyperalgesia

Question 38

Pain of short duration which resolves w/ healing of damaged tissue

Answer 38

Acute pain

Question 39

Pain that lasts longer than time for normal healing. | Definition for chronic pain is a fixed amount of time for specific locations..

Answer 39

Chronic pain

Question 40

Pain caused by damage or dysfunction in any part of. The peripheral or central nervous system

Answer 40

Neuropathic pain

Question 41

Traumatic neuromas are formed by ?

Answer 41

Proliferating schwann cells and axon sprouts attempting to regrow

Question 42

Neuropathic pain can result from _____ of peripheral nerves

Answer 42

Injury or inflammation

Question 43

Nociceptor activators

Answer 43

Potassium Serotonin Bradykinin Histamine

Question 44

Nociceptor sensitizers

Answer 44

Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Substance P (CGRP) Serotonin

Question 45

Axon reflex:

Answer 45

Peripheral ends of nociceptors are branched. Activation of one nociceptor ending sends both orthodromic and antidromic action potentials Antidromic ones invade nociceptor endings that weren’t originally activated. The terminals release glutamate. And sometimes substance P or CGRP

Question 46

An increase in pain response to a normally painful stimulation

Answer 46

Hyperalgesia

Question 47

Occurs in tissue surrounding site of injury. Caused by peripheral release of chemical activators and sensitizers during axon reflex

Answer 47

Primary hyperalgesia

Question 48

The extent of primary hyperalgesia correlates with ?

Answer 48

The redness due to vasodilation induced by release of substance P and CGRP (by axon reflex )

Question 49

Sensation of pain in the absence of any apparent stimulation

Answer 49

Spontaneous pain

Question 50

Sensation of pain resulting from stimuli which would normally not be capable of causing pain

Answer 50

Allodynia

Question 51

Pain that lasts longer than the time that it takes for normal healing

Answer 51

Chronic pain

Question 52

Caused by damage or dysfunction in any part of the PNS or CNS

Answer 52

Neuropathic pain

Question 53

What are traumatic neuromas?

Answer 53

Trauma to peripheral nerve leads to formation. Made of proliferating schwann cells and axon sprouts attempting to regrow. Axons can generate inappropriate, spontaneous action potentials

Question 54

Inappropriate, spontaneous action potentials generated by traumatic neuromas?

Answer 54

Ectopic discharges

Question 55

What contributes to ectopic discharges originating in both neuromas and in pain at the dorsal root ganglia?

Answer 55

Abnormally increased expression of voltage-gated sodium channels

Question 56

What contributes to thermal hyperalgesia in peripheral nerve injury?

Answer 56

Peripheral nerve injury increases TRP channel expression in nociceptors

Question 57

What peripheral mechanism do cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor use to relieve pain (aspirin)

Answer 57

Inhibition in the formation of prostaglandins.

Question 58

How do corticosteroids relieve pain?

Answer 58

By reducing inflammation, thereby decreasing the production of chemical sensitizers and activators