Norden - Cerebral Hemispheres

Question 1

The smallest basic functional unit of neocortex. Between 40 and 50 micrometers diameter

Answer 1

Mini columns

Question 2

Play a major role in separating mini and macro columns in cortex. Play major role in original definition of mini columns during development

Answer 2

Vellate astrocytes

Question 3

Thought to be due to disorders of the columns in the cortex. Associated w/ an increased number of mini columns and increased subcortical white matter

Answer 3

Autism spectrum disorder

Question 4

The inability to carry out a voluntary movement despite having all motor, sensory, and language functions intact.

Seen in degenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s where you get massive loss of neurons, particularly in cortical association cortex.

Answer 4

Apraxia

Question 5

What in the brain typically inhibits infantile reflexes when functioning normally?

Answer 5

The prefrontal cortex

This is a cortical sign when you see these reflexes.

Question 6

What are some cortical side

Answer 6

Contralateral neglect (non dominant hemisphere)

Aphasia (dominant hemisphere)

Agnosia

Apraxia

Frontal release signs (infantile reflexes)

Eye deviation (w/o brainstem localization)

Memory loss ( if prefrontal cortex or hippocampus is involved)

Question 7

Names for the deep white matter of the hemispheres lying immediately beneath the cortex

Answer 7

Medullary center

Or

Centrum semiovale

Question 8

This is an association pathway, that is a part of the superior longitudinal fasciuculus and in the dominant hemispheres connects the language areas with each other

Answer 8

Arcuate fasciculus

Question 9

Lesions of the arcuate fasciculus will cause?

Answer 9

Conduction aphasia

Question 10

People who can speak and hear language, but when they try to answer a question they will give inappropriate responses..

Answer 10

Conduction aphasia.

Due to lesion in the arcuate fasciculus in the dominant hemisphere.

Question 11

How can the integrity of the arcuate fasciculus fibers be tested ?

Answer 11

By asking a patient to repeat a phrase. If they cannot, may have lesion.

Question 12

Cell bodies of origin of the cingulum association pathways.

Answer 12

Cingulate gyrus.

Question 13

Posterior cingulate is involved in what?

Answer 13

Default mode network (internal cognition, thought, dialogue)

Question 14

A major pathway allowing the emotional content of our experiences to be integrated w/ our memories/cognition

Answer 14

Cingulum tract.

Question 15

The genu of the internal capsule carries

Answer 15

Corticobulbar axons

Question 16

The posterior limb of the internal capsule carries

Answer 16

Descending axons of the corticospinal tract and ascending (from VPL and VPM) axons of the somatosensory systems.

Question 17

The sublentricular portion of the posterior capsule carries?

Answer 17

Auditory radiations

Question 18

The retrolentricular portion of the posterior limb carries?

Answer 18

Visual radiations

Question 19

What part of the internal capsule do limbic projections go through ?

Answer 19

The anterior limb.

Question 20

The anterior internal capsule gets its lood from ?

Answer 20

Penetrating branches of the anterior cerebral artery

Question 21

The genu and posterior limb of the internal capsule gets its blood from ?

Answer 21

Penetrating branches of the middle cerebral arteries (lenticulostriate arteries)

Question 22

The posterior limb of the internal capsule is a major site for ?

Answer 22

Ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes.

Question 23

In the hemispheres, always look for asymmetries or abnormalities in what on CT/ MRI?

Answer 23

Ventricular system

Question 24

A group of subcortical nuclei lying deep w/in the cerebral hemispheres.
Derived from prosencephalon in development

Divided into dorsal striatal structures and ventral striatal structures

Answer 24

Basal ganglia

Question 25

The dorsal striatal structures (subdivision of basal ganglia) are primarily involved with ?

Answer 25

Motor functions

Question 26

medial to the putamen and “connected” to it;
divided into lateral (external) and medial (internal) segments; separated from the
Cerebral Hemispheres
thalamus by the fibers of the posterior limb of the internal capsule

Answer 26

Globus pallidus

Question 27

Te caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are collectively referred to as the

Answer 27

Corpus striatum

Question 28

The putamen and globus pallidus are not related embryologically.
They are collectively referred to as ?

Answer 28

The lentiform

Question 29

The caudate and putamen are related embryologically. They are collectively called the

Answer 29

Neostriatum

Question 30

Subcortical limbic structure.

Plays extremely important role in innate and leaned fear and in emotional memory

Answer 30

Amygdala