Norden - Limbic System

Question 1

The hippocampal formation is part of the limbic system’s cortical areas, it consists of )_____

Answer 1

Hippcampus proper
Dentate gyrus
Subiculum

Question 2

Function of hippocampus and dentate gyrus?

Answer 2

Critically involved in learning and memory

Question 3

One of the few areas of the human brain that continues to have significant neurogenesis throughout life

Answer 3

Dentate gyrus

Question 4

Areas of cortex involved with limbic system

Answer 4

Prefrontal association cortex

Orbito-frontal association cortex

Insular cortex

Entorhinal cortex

Cingulate gyrus/cingulum

Hippocampus gyrus

Question 5

Critical player in learning and memory. First cortical area to degenerate in ALZ

Answer 5

Entorhinal cortex

Question 6

The posterior part of the _____ is what has the default mode network

Answer 6

Cingulate gyrus

Question 7

The ability to appreciate how others feel and are motivated to act is called what? And is located where?

Answer 7

Theory of mind

Insular cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus

Question 8

The role of the orbito-frontal- association cortex:

Answer 8

Personality

Emotional behaviour

Question 9

Functions of the prefrontal association cortex?

Answer 9

Working memory

Executive function

Question 10

Stimulation of the prefrontal cortex, like that in talk therapy, can decrease activation of ?

Answer 10

Amygdala

Question 11

The amygdala’s function?

Answer 11

Emotional response to stimuli (especially fearful)

Question 12

What is commonly seen regarding the amygdala in anxiety patients?

Answer 12

Hyperactivation.

Question 13

What pathway, in the limbic system, allows for reward for basic drives?

Answer 13

Ventral tegmental area ——dopamine——> nucleus accumbens septi

Question 14

Thalamic nuclei involved with the limbic system are ??

Answer 14

Anterior nuclei

Mediodorsal nuclei

Question 15

Connections here allow for a “body response” (blushing) to emotional stimuli

Answer 15

Hypothalamus

Question 16

Mammillary nuclei role in Limbic system?

Answer 16

Memory circuits

Question 17

Provides the major dopaminergic input to the meso-cortical and meso-limbic areas

Answer 17

Ventral tegmental area

Question 18

Nondeclaritive or implicit memory (procedural memory) is what?
What areas are involved?

Answer 18

Unconscious skills, habits, and acquired behaviors.

Basal ganglia nuclei ; caudate (habits), cerebellum, (learned skilled motor movements)

Limbic structures; amygdala

Question 19

Declaritive / explicit memoryy is what?

Answer 19

Conscious memory of facts/events/experiences.

Limbic system is major role

Question 20

What are the two main limbic subsystems for declarative or explicit memory?

Answer 20

Medial temporal lobe structures - association cortex , entorhinal cortex, hippocampal formation

And

Medial diencephalic structures - mammillary bodies and anterior nuclei and mediodorsal nuclei of thalamus

Question 21

What are the structures involved with the medial diencephalic structures (declarative memory)

Answer 21

Mamillary body

Thalamus - mediodorsal and anterior nuclei

Question 22

What are the structures involved in the medial temporal lobe structures? (Episodic/ declarative memory)

Answer 22

Association cortex
Entorhinal cortex
Hippocampal formation

Question 23

Deep brain stimulation of what can improve memory in patients w/ early stage ALZ dz

Answer 23

Fornix

Question 24

Bilateral damage to either the MDS or MTLS (which are interconnected) caused what?

Answer 24

Declarative memory loss

This is typically referred to as amnesia

Question 25

Unilateral damage to the left (dominant hemisphere) MTLS or MDS can cause?

Answer 25

Deficits in verbal memory

Question 26

Unilateral damage to the non-dominant hemisphere MTLS or MDS causes ?

Answer 26

Spatial memory loss

Question 27

Head injury on the side of the head?

Answer 27

Coup injury

Question 28

Injury on the opposite side of the head, caused by blow to the side of head which can cause bilateral damage to hippocampus which results in memory loss and seizures

Answer 28

Contre coup

Question 29

What artery supplies the MDS and MTLS?

Answer 29

PCA

Question 30

Local, temporal lobe seizures cause?

Answer 30

Amnesia

Question 31

Generaliz, repeated seizures can cause?

Answer 31

Death of hippocampal neurons, permanent loss of memory

Question 32

The loss of hippocampal neurons along with dense astrocyte scars. Occurs in about 65% of people with temporal lobe epilepsy Can also occur from prolonged fever or injury Caused significant memory impairment

Answer 32

Hippocampal sclerosis

Question 33

Temporary loss of the ability to form new memories in elderly/middle aged people No other symptoms and resolves w/in 4-12 hours Commonly in pt w/ hx of Migraine Common onset —> high stress or strenuous activity.

Answer 33

Transient global ischemia

Question 34

Degeneration, prominent in the MDS nuclei Decreased volume and metabolism of the prefrontal cortex Permanent memory loss and psychosis. Patient’s confabulate

Answer 34

Wernicke korsakoff syndrome

Question 35

How does memory loss occur in people with psychiatric disease?

Answer 35

1. Schizo pt’s are missing hippocampal interneuron 2. Some psych dz’s caused continual activation of HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) system. This leads to increased levels of hormones in bloodstream. Excess cortisol binds to hippocampal neurons decreases memory formation and retrieval. Also, chronic elevation of HPA axis causes decreased neurogenesis in dentate gyrus.