non-mendelian inheritance

Question 1

codominance

Answer 1

both alleles are expressed, no dominant nor recessive alleles, heterozygous has both, homozygous has one trait

Question 2

incomplete dominance

Answer 2

creates a blend of alleles, neither allele is completely dominant nor completely recessive, heterozygous has a mix of traits, homozygous has one

Question 3

white feather chicken mates with black feather chicken, makes offspring covered in both white+black feathers. what inheritance is this

Answer 3

codominance

Question 4

white feather chicken mates with black feather chicken, makes offspring covered in grey feathers

Answer 4

incomplete dominance

Question 5

sex linked

Answer 5

genes on sex chromosomes are called sex linked genes, the X chromosome affects many traits, passing of traits from parents to offspring through sex chromosomes, Y chromosomes affect only male characteristics

Question 6

a heterozygous individual that is a carrier is dominant or recessive

Answer 6

recessive

Question 7

Cystic fibrosis is a recessive disorder. What genotypes have the disease

Answer 7

cc- affected
Cc- carriers

Question 8

Dominant disorders have a _% chance the children will have the disease with only 1 parent who has it

Answer 8

50

Question 9

how are genotypes for incomplete dominance and codominance written and why?

Answer 9

they are written with superscript letters because there is no dominant allele and no recessive allele

Question 10

polygenic inheritance

Answer 10

when a trait is controlled by more than one gene, does not have a genotype of just 2 letters, ex: hair color

Question 11

multiple alleles

Answer 11

different versions of a gene, each allele codes for a different variation of the trait

Question 12

conditions necessary for someone to be a carrier for a genetic disorder

Answer 12

Mutated gene has to be recessive, parent has to be heterozygous for that trait carrying at least one copy of the mutated gene and one copy of the normal

Question 13

what does empty square represent on a pedigree

Answer 13

male that doesn’t have the trait

Question 14

what does a filled square represent on a pedigree

Answer 14

male that has the trait

Question 15

what does a filled circle represent on a pedigree

Answer 15

female that has the trait

Question 16

what does a empty circle represent on a pedigree

Answer 16

female that doesn’t have the trait

Question 17

how do you identify dominant inheritance

Answer 17

at least one parent has the trait and either all of the children or most of the children have the trait

Question 18

how do you identify recessive inheritance

Answer 18

both parents don’t have the trait (heterozygous) but give birth to a child with the trait

Question 19

how do you identify sex linked inheritance

Answer 19

pattern with the genders (most likely boys) that have the trait, either no male carriers or if there is a male with the disorder, the genetics is only passed down to their daughter

Question 20

how many chromosomes present in normal cell

Answer 20

46, 23 pairs

Question 21

clues a karyotype is not normal

Answer 21

Chromosomes missing, some abnormally shaped, extra chromosomes

Question 22

processes that occur resulting in abnormalities in a karyotype

Answer 22

nondisjunction, deletion, inversion, translocation, duplication

Question 23

what is nondisjunction

Answer 23

nondisjunction- chromosomes don’t separate normally during meiosis resulting in pairs having too many or too few

Question 24

what is inversion

Answer 24

inversion-segments of chromosome breaks off, flips around, and reattaches to the chromosome,

Question 25

what is duplication

Answer 25

duplication-segment of a chromosome is duplicated, resulting in too large of a chromatid

Question 26

what is translocation

Answer 26

translocation-segment of a chromosome is broken off and attaches to another chromosome, leading to abnormal chromosome shapes

Question 27

A blood, B blood, AB blood, O blood genotypes

Answer 27

A: IAIA or IAi, B: IBIB or IBi, AB: IAIB, O: ii (written in superscripts)

Question 28

A single gene that specifies coat color in horses is called the H gene. The H gene has four common alleles, each codes for a different color in the coat of the horses. Which type of inheritance is represented by the H gene in horses?

Answer 28

multiple alleles

Question 29

Two people with type AB blood mate and have offspring. What proportion of their children will have type O blood?

Answer 29

0% because neither one of them carry the recessive O allele.

Question 30

Two people with type AB blood mate and have offspring. What proportion of their children will have type A blood?

Answer 30

25% because each of them has one A allele.

Question 31

In humans, hair texture exhibits incomplete dominance. The gene for curly hair (H) is incompletely dominant to the gene for straight hair (S). Individuals that are heterozygous (HS) have wavy hair. Two heterozygous parents have a child. What is the chance that the child will have wavy hair?

Answer 31

1/2

Question 32

When cattle with solid white coats (W) are mated to cattle with solid red coats (R), the offspring are roan (WR), meaning they have coats containing both white and red hairs. The roan coat is an example of codominance. A farmer mates two roan cattle. What is the chance that their offspring will be solid red?

Answer 32

25%

Question 33

When a black chicken mates with a white chicken, all of the offspring are covered in black feathers. What type of inheritance is exhibited by the chicken's feather coloring in this example?

Answer 33

complete dominance

Question 34

A chicken with the sex chromosomes ZW is female, and ZZ is male. Which gamete determines the offspring’s sex and why?

Answer 34

The female, because of the W chromosome

Question 35

In Drosophila flies, eye color is sex-linked. The allele for red eyes (X^W ) is dominant to the allele for white eyes (X^w). A male fly with red eyes X^W Y and a carrier female X^ W X^w are mated. What is the probability that the female offspring will have white eyes?

Answer 35

0%

Question 36

Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive condition in which blood does not clot properly. Queen Victoria of England had one allele for hemophilia. Most of her male descendants had the disorder, but few females had it. Why did hemophilia occur more frequently in Queen Victoria’s male descendants?

Answer 36

Only one copy of the X chromosome is found in cells of males, but two copies are found in cells of females