mutations Flashcards
What is a mutation?
Change(s) in mRNA, which alters the code for building the protein
What is involved with substitution?
Switches a single base on a nucleotide with a different base
What are sub mutations called?
Point mutations- single base pair in DNA sequence is changed, can also be silent mutation- a codon is changed but amino acid sequence stays the same
How might substituion impact the codons?
It changes one of the nucleotides in the DNA sequence, changes the codon sequence the base pair was in
how can silent mutation affect the amino acid seq/protein
no change, the codon changed but still codes for the same AA meaning there is no change in AA
how can missense mutation affect the amino acid seq/protein
results in a different amino acid which can affect the protein structure and function
how can nonsense mutation affect the amino acid seq/protein
a stop codon can be made earlier than needed, resulting to premature termination resulting in a non functioning protein
what is involved in insertion
a nucleotide is inserted into DNA sequence
what is involved in deleteion
a nucleotide is deleted from DNA seq
what type of mutation does insertion or deletion result in
Frameshift mutation- changes the entire reading frame of the codons from then on after the mutation
how does frame shift impact the codons
Changes the reading frame of all the codons after it
how does frameshift impact the protein and the trait
Alters almost the entire protein sequence, resulting in either a nonfunctional protein, a misshaped protein, or premature termination. The disruption of reading frame leads to incorrect protein synthesis
what type of mutation tends to have the greatest impact
frameshift
How is it possible that some mutations do not have an impact on the organism?
Silent mutations is when a base is substituted in nucleotide and changes one of the bases in codon, but still codes for the same amino acid, resulting in no change of amino acid sequence meaning no change in protein
If a mutation occurs in a somatic cell can it be passed on? Explain. If not, which types of cells DO pass on mutations?
It can occur in somatic cells, but it cannot be passed down to offspring and only affects the single individual that has it. It can also occur in sex cells, which can be passed down to future generations causing inherited genetic disorders
