Non-malignant pathology

Question 1

What are the symptoms of hashimotos thyroiditis?

Answer 1

hypothyroidism - weight gain, fatigue, constipation, depression, hair loss

Question 2

What is seen histologically for hashimotos thyroiditis?

Answer 2

lymphocytic infiltrates and fibrosis

Question 3

What is seen immediately in the blood post splenectomy?

Answer 3

granulocytosis - WBC - neuts/ eosin/ basophils

Question 4

What is seen immediately in the blood in the first few days post splenectomy?

Answer 4

target cells, siderocytes, reticulocytes

Question 5

Other blood cells seen in a splenectomy?

Answer 5

Howell- jolly bodies, pappenheimber bodies, target cells, Heinz bodies

Question 6

What is seen in peutz jeghers syndrome?

Answer 6

Hamartomous polyps, muccocutaneous hyperpigmentation (lips, face, palms, soles)

Question 7

what is the genetic pathway for peutz jeghers syndrome?

Answer 7

Autosomal dominant

Question 8

What gene mutation is seen in familial adenomatous polyposis?

Answer 8

APC gene mutation

Question 9

What gene mutation is seen in Cowden disease?

Answer 9

PTEN gene mutation

Question 10

What is required for diagnosis of Kartageners syndrome?

Answer 10

Primarily immotile cilia combined with situs inverses

Question 11

Primary TB - what is the lung and hilarious lymph nodes known as?

Answer 11

Ghon Complex

Question 12

When does secondary TB occur?

Answer 12

If a host becomes immunocompromised - an initial infection can reactivate - lungs are common site

Question 13

What histology will be seen in a granuloma in a TB patient?

Answer 13

epithelial histiocytes, caseous necrosis in the centre

Question 14

What type of stain is used for TB?

Answer 14

Zeihl-Neelsen staining

Question 15

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is TB?

Answer 15

T4 - stimulates specific T cell response of cell mediated immunity

Question 16

What does amyloid look like under the microscope?

Answer 16

apple befringence with polarised light

Question 17

What is Plummer Vinson syndrome?

Answer 17

oesophageal web associated with iron deficient anaemia

Question 18

How do you investigate dysphagia?

Answer 18

upper GI endoscopy, fluoroscopic swallow, ambulatory ph

Question 19

Which symptoms makeup antiphospholipid syndrome?

Answer 19

-foetal loss, venous/ arterial thrombus/ thrombocytopenia - APTT prolonged

Question 20

blood tests for antiphospholipid syndrome?

Answer 20

lupus anticoagulant, anti-cardiolipin, anti beta 2

Question 21

What is the most common causative organism for iliopsoas abscess

Answer 21

staph aureus

Question 22

Which cell failures causes pernicious anaemia

Answer 22

lack of production of IF by the parietal cells

Question 23

Where do you find dermoid cysts

Answer 23

at sites of embryonic developmental fusion

Question 24

What disease causes medial displacement of ureters?

Answer 24

retroperitoneal fibrosis

Question 25

What is the genetic pathway of achondroplasia?

Answer 25

Autosomal dominant

Question 26

What is a curling ulcer?

Answer 26

peptic stress ulceration

Question 27

Which organism causes secondary infection in burns victims?

Answer 27

staph aureus

Question 28

Which cell is needed for healing of a burn?

Answer 28

keratinocytes (needed from skin grafts in full thickness burns)

Question 29

Which Ig is involved in T1 hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 29

IgE

Question 30

Give an example of T1 hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 30

asthma/ hay fever

Question 31

Give an example of a t2 hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 31

haemolytic anaemia/ autoimmune causes

Question 32

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is aspergillosis ?

Answer 32

t3

Question 33

Which is the delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 33

t4

Question 34

Give an example of t4 hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 34

Graft vs host disease, contact dermatitis , granulomas

Question 35

How soon is an acute blood transfusion reaction seen?

Answer 35

24 hours

Question 36

How long after is a delayed transfusion reaction seen?

Answer 36

5-10 days afterwards

Question 37

What causes a transfusion associated lung injury?

Answer 37

neutrophilic mediated allergic pulmonary oedema

Question 38

What do you see in DIC?

Answer 38

prolonged pt, prolonged apt, prolonged bleeding time, low platelet count, fibrin degradation products raised

Question 39

Which factors effect APTT

Answer 39

8,9,11,12

Question 40

Which factors effect PT

Answer 40

2,7,9,10 - vit K dependent (think warfarin)

Question 41

How is platelet function measured ?

Answer 41

Bleeding time

Question 42

How is platelet function measured ?

Answer 42

Bleeding time

Question 43

What will a liver cell adenoma look like on USS ?

Answer 43

mixed echogenicity and heterogenous texture

Question 44

What is a hydatid cyst caused by ?

Answer 44

echinococcus infection - middle easter/ Mediterranean countries

Question 45

neurofibromatosis t1 what are the signs?

Answer 45

schwannoma, axillary freckling, lisch nodules, optic glioma, meningiomas, glioma and >6 cafe au last spots

Question 46

What is characteristic of neurofibromatosis T2?

Answer 46

bilateral acoustic neuromas and a FH of neurofibromatosis

Question 47

What are the signs of tuberous sclerosis?

Answer 47

depigmented ash leaf spots, rough skin on lumbar spine, adenoma sebaceoum, care au lait spots

Question 48

what is characteristic of dercums disease?

Answer 48

multiple lipomas

Question 49

What causes graft vs host disease?

Answer 49

lymphocytic proliferation

Question 50

What are the features of von hipple Lindau syndrome?

Answer 50

Cerebellar haemangiomas, retinal haemangionas, renal cysts, pheochromocytoma

Question 51

What is coagulative necrosis?

Answer 51

Most common type of necrosis, early stage - little change, later stages loss of intracellular detail

Question 52

What is colliquative necrosis?

Answer 52

in tissues with no supporting stroma seen in CNS

Question 53

What is Caseous necrosis?

Answer 53

No definable structure seen - amorphous eosinophilic tissue seen histologically

Question 54

What do dermoid cysts contain?

Answer 54

Multiple cell types, often hair is seen

Question 55

What disease are asteroid bodies found in histologically?

Answer 55

Sarcoid

Question 56

Which amino acid is present in all types of collagen?

Answer 56

Glycine