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MRCS > Cancer Pathology > Flashcards

Cancer Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common subtype of gastric cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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2
Q

How do you treat gastric cancer operatively?

A
  1. proximal disease (5-10cm from OG) subtotal gastrectomy 2. <5cm from junction - total gastrectomy 3. junctional tumours - oesophogastrectomy – they need chemo pre/post and lyhpadenectomy to d2
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3
Q

GIST tumour which cells?

A

Derrived from interstitial pacemaker cells of cajal

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4
Q

Which drug is used in non resectable GIST tumours?

A

Imatinib

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5
Q

What are signet ring cells seen in?

A

Poorly differentiated gastric cancer - they have increased risk of metastatic disease

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6
Q

Which type of oesophageal cancer most common (western world)?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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7
Q

What adjuvant therapy is given with oesophageal cancer?

A

Adjuvant chemotherapy

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8
Q

What is a common complication post chemoradiotherapy in oesophagus?

A

stricture

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9
Q

Most common bladder cancer?

A

TCC

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10
Q

How do you treat T2 Bladder cancer?

A

Radical cystectomy and ill conduit

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11
Q

What is a risk factor for SCC bladder cancer? (2)

A

Schistosomiasis and catheter

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12
Q

What is the most common type of lung cancer?

A

Non small cell lung cancer (80%)

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of non small cell lung cancer?

A

Squamous, Adenocarcinoma, large cell

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14
Q

Prognosis and association of small cell lung cancer?

A

prognosis <1 year, smokers

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15
Q

Which 3 cancer markers are elevated in Liver cancer?

A

Ca19-9, CEA, Ca125

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16
Q

Where is klatskin tumour?

A

Hilar cholangiocarcionoma (where the hepatic bile ducts meet)

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17
Q

What is jaw pain and parotid mass indicative of?

A

Perineural invasion - likely to be malignant

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18
Q

What is the most common CNS paediatric tumour?

A

Astrocytomas

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19
Q

Which cells are affected by mesothelioma?

A

Mesothelial cells of the pleura

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20
Q

What are the 8 changes in breast cancer?

A
  1. nuclear pleomorphism, 2. coarse chromatin, 3. angiogenesis 4. Invasion of basement membrane 5. Dystrophic calcification 6. Abnormal mitoses 7. vascular invasion 8. lymph mets
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21
Q

Which area does pages disease spare?

A

areolar sparing

22
Q

Which disease is commonly associated with thick green nipple discharge?

A

Duct ectasia

23
Q

Which procedure is used to treat multiple duct pathology?

A

Hadfields procedure

24
Q

What is associated with MEN I

A

parathyroid adenoma, pituitary prolactinoma, Pancreas tumour

25
Q

What is commonly associated with MEN IIa

A

Pheochromocytoma, Medullary thyroid cancer, Hyperparathyroidism

26
Q

What is associated with MEN IIb

A

Pheochromocytoma, hyperparathyroidism, medullary thyroid cancer, Marfans

27
Q

What is the tumour marker for breast ca?

A

CA15-3

28
Q

What is AFP predominantly used for?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

29
Q

What is the genetic path of li-fraumeni syndrome

A

autosomal dominant

30
Q

What does Li-Fraumeni Syndrome lead to

A

sarcoma, cancers of the breast brain and adrenal glands

31
Q

What genetic path of Lynch syndrome / HNPCC

A

Autosomal dominant

32
Q

What does Lynch syndrome / HNPCC lead to

A

Colonic cancer and endometrial cancer (commonly right sided - often mutinous), gastric carcinoma, duodenal adenomas

33
Q

What is the genetic pathway of Gardners syndrome?

A

Autosomal dominant

34
Q

What does Gardners syndrome cause?

A

Multiple colonic polyps, extra colonic disease - skull osteotome/ thyroid cancer/ epidermoid cysts (FAP considered part of it )

35
Q

Carcinoid tumour <2cm can be…

A

discharged

36
Q

What do carcinoid tumours secrete?

A

Seretonin

37
Q

What do you measure to assess for carcinoid syndrome?

A

urinary 5 HIAA

38
Q

In which disease are reed Sternberg cells see?

A

hodgkin lymphoma

39
Q

What is the Paul Bunnell test used for?

A

EBV

40
Q

What type of disease is churg Strauss?

A

Vasculitis

41
Q

A defect in which cell causes osteoporosis?

A

osteoclasts

42
Q

What does exophytic mean?

A

The growth of a tumour outwards

43
Q

Which breast pathology is usually associated with microcalcifications?

A

comedo type ductal cell carcinoma in situ

44
Q

What feature in breast cancer defines “in situ” disease?

A

breast cancer yet to invade the basement membrane

45
Q

what genetic defect causes puetz jheggers syndrome?

A

STK11 mutation on chromosome 19

46
Q

What kind of tumour is seen with fibromatosis?

A

desmoid tumours

47
Q

Which malignancy is linked to EBV?

A

Burkitts lymphoma, Hodgkins lymphoma, post transplant lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

48
Q

What cell makes up desmoid tumours?

A

myofibroblasts

49
Q

What is seen on colonoscopy in FAP?

A

Multiple colonic adenomas

50
Q

Which virus is a risk factor for development of anal cancer?

A

HPV 16/18

50
Q

Which virus is a risk factor for development of anal cancer?

A

HPV 16/18

51
Q

Which drugs can increase urinary 5-HIAA?

A

Naproxen, monoamine oxidise inhibitors

MRCS (19 decks)

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