Cancer Pathology Flashcards
What is the most common subtype of gastric cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
How do you treat gastric cancer operatively?
- proximal disease (5-10cm from OG) subtotal gastrectomy 2. <5cm from junction - total gastrectomy 3. junctional tumours - oesophogastrectomy – they need chemo pre/post and lyhpadenectomy to d2
GIST tumour which cells?
Derrived from interstitial pacemaker cells of cajal
Which drug is used in non resectable GIST tumours?
Imatinib
What are signet ring cells seen in?
Poorly differentiated gastric cancer - they have increased risk of metastatic disease
Which type of oesophageal cancer most common (western world)?
Adenocarcinoma
What adjuvant therapy is given with oesophageal cancer?
Adjuvant chemotherapy
What is a common complication post chemoradiotherapy in oesophagus?
stricture
Most common bladder cancer?
TCC
How do you treat T2 Bladder cancer?
Radical cystectomy and ill conduit
What is a risk factor for SCC bladder cancer? (2)
Schistosomiasis and catheter
What is the most common type of lung cancer?
Non small cell lung cancer (80%)
What are the 3 types of non small cell lung cancer?
Squamous, Adenocarcinoma, large cell
Prognosis and association of small cell lung cancer?
prognosis <1 year, smokers
Which 3 cancer markers are elevated in Liver cancer?
Ca19-9, CEA, Ca125
Where is klatskin tumour?
Hilar cholangiocarcionoma (where the hepatic bile ducts meet)
What is jaw pain and parotid mass indicative of?
Perineural invasion - likely to be malignant
What is the most common CNS paediatric tumour?
Astrocytomas
Which cells are affected by mesothelioma?
Mesothelial cells of the pleura
What are the 8 changes in breast cancer?
- nuclear pleomorphism, 2. coarse chromatin, 3. angiogenesis 4. Invasion of basement membrane 5. Dystrophic calcification 6. Abnormal mitoses 7. vascular invasion 8. lymph mets
Which area does pages disease spare?
areolar sparing
Which disease is commonly associated with thick green nipple discharge?
Duct ectasia
Which procedure is used to treat multiple duct pathology?
Hadfields procedure
What is associated with MEN I
parathyroid adenoma, pituitary prolactinoma, Pancreas tumour
What is commonly associated with MEN IIa
Pheochromocytoma, Medullary thyroid cancer, Hyperparathyroidism
What is associated with MEN IIb
Pheochromocytoma, hyperparathyroidism, medullary thyroid cancer, Marfans
What is the tumour marker for breast ca?
CA15-3
What is AFP predominantly used for?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
What is the genetic path of li-fraumeni syndrome
autosomal dominant
What does Li-Fraumeni Syndrome lead to
sarcoma, cancers of the breast brain and adrenal glands
What genetic path of Lynch syndrome / HNPCC
Autosomal dominant
What does Lynch syndrome / HNPCC lead to
Colonic cancer and endometrial cancer (commonly right sided - often mutinous), gastric carcinoma, duodenal adenomas
What is the genetic pathway of Gardners syndrome?
Autosomal dominant
What does Gardners syndrome cause?
Multiple colonic polyps, extra colonic disease - skull osteotome/ thyroid cancer/ epidermoid cysts (FAP considered part of it )
Carcinoid tumour <2cm can be…
discharged
What do carcinoid tumours secrete?
Seretonin
What do you measure to assess for carcinoid syndrome?
urinary 5 HIAA
In which disease are reed Sternberg cells see?
hodgkin lymphoma
What is the Paul Bunnell test used for?
EBV
What type of disease is churg Strauss?
Vasculitis
A defect in which cell causes osteoporosis?
osteoclasts
What does exophytic mean?
The growth of a tumour outwards
Which breast pathology is usually associated with microcalcifications?
comedo type ductal cell carcinoma in situ
What feature in breast cancer defines “in situ” disease?
breast cancer yet to invade the basement membrane
what genetic defect causes puetz jheggers syndrome?
STK11 mutation on chromosome 19
What kind of tumour is seen with fibromatosis?
desmoid tumours
Which malignancy is linked to EBV?
Burkitts lymphoma, Hodgkins lymphoma, post transplant lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
What cell makes up desmoid tumours?
myofibroblasts
What is seen on colonoscopy in FAP?
Multiple colonic adenomas
Which virus is a risk factor for development of anal cancer?
HPV 16/18
Which virus is a risk factor for development of anal cancer?
HPV 16/18
Which drugs can increase urinary 5-HIAA?
Naproxen, monoamine oxidise inhibitors
