non-cancer esophagus

Question 1

common sx of esophageal disorders

Answer 1

dysphagia
odynophagia (painful swallowing)
heartburn
hematemesis
melena (blood in stools)

Question 2

difficulty swallowing solids can indicate

Answer 2

stricture, obstruction, carcinoma

Question 3

difficulty swallowing solids can indicate

Answer 3

motility problem

Question 4

most common hernia

Answer 4

sliding

Question 5

hourglass hernia where GE is displaced through diaphram

Answer 5

sliding

Question 6

GE junction is below diaphram, cardia moves into the thorax

Answer 6

paraesophageal

Question 7

newborn with aspiration, pnemonia, and feeding problems

Answer 7

espophageal fistula/atresia

Question 8

most common espophageal fistula/atresia

Answer 8

atresia of the upper esophagus with a fistula between the trachea and lower esophagus (type “C”).

Question 9

Protrusions of mucosa into the esophageal lumen

Answer 9

esophageal webs

Question 10

squamous mucosa and a vascularized submucosal core

Answer 10

esophageal webs

Question 11

causes of esophageal webs

Answer 11

congenital
long standing reflux
GVHD
blistering skin disease

Question 12

Paterson-Brown-Kelly or Plummer-Vinson syndrome

Answer 12

upper esophageal web accompanied by iron deficiency anemia, glossitis, cheliosis

Question 13

long term risk of Paterson-Brown-Kelly or Plummer-Vinson syndrome

Answer 13

postcricoid esophageal carcinoma

Question 14

achalasia

Answer 14

Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax following swallowing

Question 15

causes of achalasia

Answer 15

Functional obstruction
Dilation of upper esophagus
Primary vs. secondary (i.e. Chagas’ disease, DM, infiltrative disorders)

Question 16

sx of achalasia

Answer 16

Dysphagia, nocturnal regurgitation, aspiration

Question 17

long term risk of achalasia

Answer 17

Increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma

Question 18

Absent myenteric (Auerbach’s) ganglia from the esophageal body will cause

Answer 18

achalasia

Question 19

birds beak on barium swallow

Answer 19

achalasia

Question 20

painful tears in the LES from retching and vomiting

Answer 20

mallory-weiss tears

Question 21

risk factors of mallory-weiss tears

Answer 21

alchoholics and underlying hiatal hernia

Question 22

complications of mallory-weiss tears

Answer 22

infection and massive hemorrage

Question 23

Boerhaave syndrome

Answer 23

mallory-weiss syndrome with rupture

Question 24

causes esophageal varices

Answer 24

portal hypertension

Question 25

mortality of esophageal varices

Answer 25

50%

Question 26

esophageal varices found in pts with

Answer 26

cirrosis (2/3)

Question 27

types of esophagitis

Answer 27

``` reflux corrosives/irratants radiation/chemo infection eosinophillic ```

Question 28

giant multinucleated cells with inclusions

Answer 28

herpes

Question 29

silver stains candida...

Answer 29

black

Question 30

PAS stains candida

Answer 30

pink

Question 31

GERD with no response to medications

Answer 31

eosinophillic esophagitis

Question 32

other sx seen with eosinophillic esophagitis

Answer 32

general allergies (asthma, exzema, chronic rhinitis)

Question 33

24 hour probe testing for eosinophillic esophagitis returns...

Answer 33

normal

Question 34

eosinophillic esophagitis appearance on endoscopy

Answer 34

felinization

Question 35

sequalae of eosinophillic esophagitis

Answer 35

stricture

Question 36

causes of reflux

Answer 36

incompetent LES, sliding hiatal hernia, delayed gastric emptying, increased gastric volume

Question 37

microscopic signs of reflux

Answer 37

Eosinophils +/- other inflammatory cells (neutrophils and lymphocytes) Elongation of vascular papillae Basal layer hyperplasia

Question 38

risk of barrett's esophagus

Answer 38

esophageal adenocarcinoma

Question 39

barrett's esophagus changes what to what

Answer 39

normal distal stratified squamous mucosal to intestinal-type glandular mucosa