NMS 3: Foot/Ankle Flashcards
Hindfoot
-Talus & Calcaneus
Midfoot
-Navicular & Cuboid
Forefoot
Metatarsals, 3 cuneiforms & phalanges
Arches in the Foot
-Medial Longitudinal Arch
-Lateral Longitudinal Arch
-Anterior Transverse Arch
Pes Planus
Flat Foot
-Loss of medial longitudinal arch
-Dropped arch
-Eversion of calcaneus
-Prominent Talus
-Inner shoe breakdown
-Uneven heel wear
Foot flares->Knee rotates->Pelvis Tilts->Shoulder drops
Pes Cavus
Exaggerated Arch
-High instep
Medial Longitudinal Arch
-Navicular is crucial in maintaining the arch
-Tibialis ant and post
-Peroneus longus
-Abductor hallucis longus
-Various Ligaments: Spring Ligament
What muscles contibute to calcaneal inversion during gait
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Hallux Valgus
Bunion
-1st MTP becomes valgus (great toe rotates/shifts laterally)
-Pain over the 1st MTP
-Treatment: Restore normal motion/adjust, add spacer, use of orthotics/supportive shoe, “toe crunches”
-If all else fails->Surgery
Haglund’s Deformity
“Pump Bump”
-Abnormal prominence of the posterolateral surface of the calcaneus
-Other conditions: Gout, RA, calcific tendonitis…
Hammer Toes
-Flexion contracture of the PIP, usually the 2nd toe
-Often BL and symmetrical
Claw Toes
Hyperextension at the MTP and flexion of both PIP and DIP joints
-May be secondary to a cavus foot
Mallet Toe
Flexion defomity of toe
Morton’s Foot/Toe
-Congenitally short 1st MTP
Ankle Sprain
-Most common foot/ankle injury
-Can also have hip, knee or LBP
-85-95% are inversion ankle sprains (5% are eversion)
-Other related conditions: Avascular necrosis, osteochondral fragment, 5th metatarsal shaft or styloid process fracture…
Key examination findings: Ankle Sprain
-Associated edema
-Postural/gait alterations
-ROM alterations
-Orthopedic tests may be positive
-Possible fracture
-Resisted motions may be painful or weak
Ankle Sprain Tests
-Anterior Drawer
-Inversoin Stress
-Eversion Stress: Deltoid Ligament
-Squeeze Test
Inversion Sprains
Grade I Ankle Sprain
-No laxity/instability
-Recovery 2-10 days
Grade II Ankle Sprain
Mild to moderate laxity/stability
-Recovery 10-20 days
Grade III Ankle Sprain
-Significant instability
-Recovery 30-90 days
-Diffuse swelling, more hemorrhage
-Unable to bear weight fully, initially almost complete loss of ROM
Ankle Sprain-Treatment
-RICE
-Weight bearing (avoid with moderate/severe sprains)
-Adjustments as per clinical findings
-ROM
-Taping
-Exercise: Strengthen dorsiflexors
-Stretch: Calf Muscles
Plantar Fasciitis
-Overload injury of the plantar fascia
-Insidious onset of pain at the medial heel
-Pain in the morning
-“Stepping on broken glass”
-Other potential ddx: Tarsal tunnel syndrome, sacral radiculopathy
-May reveal heel spur
Contributing factors of: Plantar facitisi
-Middle-aged/older
-Diabetes
-Overweight
-Limited dorsiflexion
-Overuse
Treatment: Plantar faciitis
-Taping
-Gradual stretching
-Myofascial release: Graston, tennis ball, frozen golf ball, taping
-Tennis ball
-Ultrasound
-Adjustments
-Orthotics for pronation
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
-Pain & burning, numbness, pressure or parasthesia of: Medial plantar nerve, calcaneal branches…
-Prolonged standing, walking or running may be aggravating
-May refer to the popliteal region
-Other DDx: Anterior Tarsal Tunnel syndrome, saphenous nerve syndrome, posterior tibialis tendinitis
TTS: Causes
-Overweight
-Poor shoes
-Overuse
-Pregnancy
-Systemic disease
-Excessive subtalar pronation
TTS: Treatment
-Joint playt
-PRICE
-Stretching
Anterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Numbness and tingling across the top of the foot
Saphenous Nerve Syndrome
Pain, numbness, loss of feeling in the medial knee; Can be burning
Morton’s Neuroma
-Perineurofibrosis of the interdigital nerve
-3-4th metatarsal (Most common)/4th-5th metatarsal (Least common)
-Sharp, burning pain at the base of the toes
-Hyperthesia in the web*
-DDx: Stress fracture, tarsal tunnel syndrome…
Cuboid syndrome
Subluxation of the cuboid bone plantarward
Achilles Tendon Overuse Injuries
-Chronic or acute pain the back of the heel
-Chronic: Intermittent pain/usually during or after activities
-Acute: Sudden pain in the hell after a “push-off” movement
Achilles: Key findings
Inability to perform hell raise maneuver
-Rupture: Positive Thompson’s Test
-Repetitive microtrauma
-
Turf Toe
Hyperextension injury of the first toe
-Plantar capsule is sprained
-Treatment: Stabilization
Shin Splints
-Anterior: tibialis anterior, EHL, EDL
-Posterior: tibialis posterior…
-Treatment: Joint manipulation, release tight tissues via myofascial release, decrease activity, footwear, nutrition, sensorimotor training, orthotics
Metatarsalgia
-Pain on bottom of foot
-Dropped metatarsal heads
-Ortho/Neuro: Morton’s test, Strunsky’s Sign, and Metatarsal Tap
-Treatment: Footwear, metatarsal pad, adjust foot
High Ankle Spain
-Ankle Syndesmosis Injury
Lower Extremity Compartment Syndrome
-Acute: Severe blow to lower leg; Swelling in fascia compartment, neurological dysfunction, stiff muscles, muscle necrosis if left untreated
-Chronic: Overuse, lasts weeks to months, runners, pain in anterior/lateral components
-Treatment: Stop activity, PRICE, light massage to drain
Lisfranc Ligamental injury
-Midfoot swelling and tenderness
-Plantar ecchymosis
-Gait
-Bruising on the bottom of the foot
Tendon Rupture and Antibiotics
-Fluoroquinolone: Levaquin
-Triples risk among users
Patient presents with focal heel and plantar pain. Upon viewing xrays, heel spur wear discovered. What is your DDX?
a. Plantarfascitis
b. Ankle sprain
c. Metatarsalgia
a. Plantarfascitis
Which sprains are the most common?
a. Plantarflexion
b. Inversion
c. Dorsiflexion
d. Eversion
b. Inversion
Which of the following is the most common missed diagnosis with individuals with an inversion injury?
a. Compression fracture of calcaneus.
b. Osteochondral fractures of talar dome.
c. Osteochondral fracture of lateral navicular
d. Osteochondral fractures of medial navicular.
b. Osteochondral fractures of talar dome.
Sesmoiditis of the big toe is caused by the direct trauma or overpull from which muscle?
a. Adductor hallucis
b. Flexor hallucis longus
c. Flexor hallucis brevis
d. Abductor Hallucis
c. Flexor hallucis brevis