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Science for Medicine > Nitrogen > Flashcards

Nitrogen Flashcards

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1
Q

From what nitrogen fixing bacteria do we get out nitrogen?

A

Diazatrophs

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2
Q

What do diazatrophs have the ability to do?

A

Take gaseous nitrogen and turn it into molecules containing nitrogen

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3
Q

Can humans breathe in nitrogen?

A

No

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4
Q

Why do humans need nitrogen?

A

As it is a vital element for our biochemistry - used for alot of biomolecules

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5
Q

Which amino acids can take nitrogen and interconvert into other amino acids?

A

Glutamate

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6
Q

Before N2 can be removed from the body what must it be converted back into?

A

Glutamate

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7
Q

Why is nitrogen so un-reactive?

A

Due to the triple bonds between the atoms

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8
Q

What do root nodules on legumes contain?

A

Rhizobium bacteria

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9
Q

What is rhizobium bacteria?

A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

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10
Q

What enzyme does nitrogen fixation require?

A

Nitrogenase

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11
Q

What is alot of needed in nitrogen fixation?

A

Energy

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12
Q

What effect does oxygen have on nitrogenase?

A

It inactivates it

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13
Q

How does nitrogenase live?

A

Anaerobically

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14
Q

What do leguminous plants produce to keep O2 levels low?

A

Leghemoglobin

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15
Q

What does leghemoglobin do?

A

Binds to O2 - keeping the concentration of O2 low enough to allow nitrogenase to work

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16
Q

Put in the correct order nitrogen to (nitrite, nitrate, ammonium)

A

Nitrogen
Ammonium
Nitrite
Nitrate

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17
Q

Flow of N from NH4+ to toher biomolecules occurs through which amino acid?

A

Glutamate

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18
Q

What is the keto acid of glutamate?

A

a-ketoglutarate

19
Q

Adding NH4+ to a-ketoglutarate converts it to what?

A

Glutamate

20
Q

Removing nH4+ form glutamate converts it to what?

A

a-ketoglutarate

21
Q

What 4 amino acids are found in much higher concentrations that other a/a?

A

Alanine
Glutamate
Aspartate
Glutamine

22
Q

What are amino acids the building blocks for?

A

Proteins

23
Q

What is transamination?

A

The transferring of amino groups between different molecules

24
Q

When the amino group is taken of an amino acid what does it become?

A

Keto Acid

25
Q

In transamination what is often one of the 2 substrate pairs?

A

Glutamate

26
Q

Is transamination reversible?

A

Yes very reversible

27
Q

What is the only amino acid with the ability to leave the cell?

A

Glutamate

28
Q

Which molecules acts as temporary storage of nitrogen?

A

L-Glutamine

29
Q

What typically accepts amino groups?

A

a-ketoglutarate

30
Q

Which enzymes are needed for transamination reactions?

A

Aminotransferases

31
Q

What do aminotransferase enzymes require?

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

32
Q

What is pyridoxal phosphate and what is it made from?

A

Co-factor made from vitamin B6

33
Q

How is energy yielded from amino acids?

A

Amino acids are oxidised

They are a significant energy-yielding pathway in carnivores

34
Q

What enzyme cuts proteins into peptides in the stomach?

A

Pepsin

35
Q

What enzymes cute proteins and larger peptides into smaller peptides in the small intestine?

A

Tyrpsin and chymotrypsin

36
Q

Where are proteins broken down in the body?

A

Stomach and small intestine

37
Q

Why would cellular proteins be broken down?

A

The protein is misfolded
The protein is foreign
The protein is unwanted

38
Q

What is the end point of the degradation of cellular proteins?

A

Individual amino acids

39
Q

What is an essential amino acid?

A

One that the body cannot synthesised so must be obtained from our diets

40
Q

Why is glutamate transported as glutamine?

A

Because of the charge to get through the membrane

41
Q

What is the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction?

A

The two electron oxidation of glutamate

Followed by hydrolysis

42
Q

How does nitrogen enter the urea cycle?

A

Nitrgoen from carbamoyl phosphate enters the urea cycle

43
Q

How is the toxic ammonia quickly recaptured?

A

Into carbamoyl phosphate

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