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Science for Medicine > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

What types of muscles are striated?

A

Cardiac

Skeletal

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3
Q

What type of muscle surrounds blood vessels, airways ect?

A

Smooth muscle

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4
Q

Why do the nuclei of skeletal muscle bulge?

A

Because the muscles are so jam packed with protein

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5
Q

Describe the nucleus in skeletal muscle?

A

Multinucleate

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6
Q

Does muscle eve completely recover after damage?

A

No

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7
Q

How are muscles attached to bones?

A

By tendons

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8
Q

What type of cells differentiate to form new muscle fibres?

A

Satellite cells

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9
Q

Are muscle fibres highly vascularated?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What is the sarcomere composed of?

A

Thick and thin filaments

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11
Q

What are the tick filaments?

A

Myosin

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12
Q

What are the tin filaments?

A

Actin

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13
Q

What causes the cross bridge to bind to actin?

A

A rise in Ca2+

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14
Q

What partially covers myosin?

A

Tropomyosin

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15
Q

What holds tropomyosin in blocking position?

A

Troponin

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16
Q

What does the Ca2+ bind to?

A

Troponin

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17
Q

What is the effect of calcium binding to troponin?

A

Pulls the tropomyosin away

Allowing myosin binding sites to be exposed

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18
Q

What is a motor unit composed of?

A

Motor neurons + muscle fibres

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19
Q

What is the force exerted by the muscle called?

A

Tension

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20
Q

What is the force exerted on the muscle called?

A

Load

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21
Q

What is a contraction with constant length called?

A

Isometric

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22
Q

What is a contraction with shortening length called?

A

Isotonic

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23
Q

What is a contraction with increasing length called?

A

Lengthening

24
Q

What are the striations caused by?

A

The sarcomeres

25
Q

As the load increases on a muscle what happens

A

More motor units are required to compensate

26
Q

What is tetanus in muscles?

A

A state of extended contraction via the summation of AP

27
Q

Why is tetanic tension much greater than twitch tension?

A

Because there is no respite in which the Ca2+ can return to the sacroplasmic reticulum

28
Q

What is muscle fatigue caused by?

A

Repeated muscle stimulation

29
Q

What are the 2 anataonist groups required in muscles?

A

The flexors

The extensors

30
Q

What does muscle fatigue prevent?

A

Muscles using up vast amounts of ATP which would cause rigor

31
Q

Why is myosin an ATPase?

A

As it hydrolyses ATP

32
Q

What is the contraction time?

A

The time between the start of tension and the time when there is peak tension

33
Q

Do al muscle fibres have the same contraction time?

A

No

34
Q

Why is tetanic tension greater than twitch tension?

A

As Ca2+ never gets low enough to allow tropomyosin to re-block myosin binding sites

35
Q

If there is too much overlap of filaments what happens

A

Filaments interfere with each other

36
Q

If there is less overlap of filaments what happens?

A

There is less tension

37
Q

What do ATP power in muscle?

A

It energises to cause binding to X bridges

Also powers Ca2+ return to SR

38
Q

What does repeated muscle stimulation cause?

A

Muscle fatigue

39
Q

How does fatigue affect K+?

A

There is conduction failure of K+ as ATP cant maintain conc. gradient

40
Q

How does muscle fatigue affect cross bridges?

A

ADP + Pi delay myosin detachment from actin filaments

41
Q

Can muscle fatigue be overcome and when?

A

Yes

Fight or flight

42
Q

In fast muscle fibres what is the ATPase activity like?

A

High

43
Q

In slow muscle fibres what is the ATPase activity like?

A

Low

44
Q

Does smooth muscle have striations?

A

No

45
Q

What is smooth muscle innrvated by?

A

The ANS

46
Q

Are smooth muscle multi or mono nucleate?

A

Mono

47
Q

How are filaments of smooth muscle arranged?

A

Diagonally

48
Q

Is there more SR in smooth or skeletal muscle?

A

Skeletal

49
Q

In smooth muscle where does the Ca2+ bind?

A

Calmodulin

50
Q

What does calmodulin bind to?

A

Myosin light chain kinase

51
Q

What does the myosin light chain kinase do?

A

Phosphorylate myosin with ATP forms cross bridges

Results in contraction

52
Q

Why is contraction held longer in smooth muscle?

A

Due to the low rate of consumption of ATP

53
Q

What is the relaxation of smooth muscle brought about by?

A

The action of myosin light chain phosphatase

54
Q

What do oxidative fibres have lots of?

A

Mitochondria

55
Q

What do oxidative fibres contain that aids O2 delivery?

A

Myoglobin

56
Q

What do glycolytic fibres have few of?

A

Mitochondria

Science for Medicine (13 decks)

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