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Science for Medicine > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the CNS split into?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system split into?

A

Somatic

Autonomic

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3
Q

What composes the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
pons
Medulla

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4
Q

What are the meninges?

A

The coverings of the spinal cord

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5
Q

What is the diencephalon split into?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

What info do the afferent fibres carry?

A

Sensory

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7
Q

What info do the efferent fibres carry?

A

Motor

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8
Q

What is the grey matter?

A

Ganglion

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9
Q

What is the white matter?

A 
Axons
Cell axons (myelinated)
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10
Q

Why is the white matter white?

A

Because of the myelination of the axons

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11
Q

What is the soma?

A

Cell body

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12
Q

What do astrocytes maintain?

A

External environment for neurons

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13
Q

What do oligodendrocytes form?

A

Myeline sheath

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14
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Act as phagocytic hoovers

Mop up infection

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15
Q

What is the RMP?

A

-70mV

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16
Q

What maintains the RMP?

A

Leaky potassium channels

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17
Q

Why does the K+ move out of the leaky channels?

A

Because it is going down its concentration gradient

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18
Q

Why does the K+ not move out till equilibrium is reached?

A

Because eventually the electrical gradients pulls the K+ back

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19
Q

What is the equilibrium potential?

A

The membrane potential at which the electrical gradient is exactly opposite and equal to the conc. gradient

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20
Q

How can too much K+ be bad?

A

Conc. gradient is reduced
Electrical gradient is reduced
RMP is decreased
Can be at threshold constantly firing AP

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21
Q

What does hyperkalemia cause?

A

Ventricular fibrillation

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22
Q

What protects the brain from ion conc. changes?

A

Blood brain barrier

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23
Q

Whilst the equilibrium potential for K+ is around -90MV the RMP is -70mV … why?

A

Because there are other leaky channels
Na+
And Cl-

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24
Q

What is indirectly needed for RMP?

A

Sodium potassium pump

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25
Q

What does the sodium potassium pump maintain?

A

Conc. gradient needed to generate the RMP

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26
Q

What is the RMP dominated by?

A

The permeability of the cell to K+

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27
Q

What happens when more K+ channels are opened?

A

The K+ flows out and the cell hyperpolarises

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28
Q

What happens when more NA+ channel are opened?

A

Na+ flows in

And the cell depolarises

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29
Q

What happens when more Cl- channels are opened?

A

Cl- flows in and the cell hyperpolarises

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30
Q

What happens when Ca+ channels are opened?

A

Ca+ flows in and the cell depolarises

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31
Q

How do axons send signals over long distances?

A

AP

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32
Q

What is the magic threshold for AP?

A

-55mV

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33
Q

When the AP reached the end of the axon what does it do?

A

Releases neurotransmitters

34
Q

Where is the end plate potential?

A

At the NMK=J

35
Q

Where is the pacemaker potential?

A

At pacemaker tissues

36
Q

Where are generator potentials?

A

At sensory receptors

37
Q

Why are graded potentials also called decremental potentials?

A

Because they can only operate very locally as the current leaks out

38
Q

What does the amplitude in graded potential signify?

A

The stimulus intensity

39
Q

What is depolarising?

A

Made more positive

40
Q

What is hyperpolarising?

A

Made more negative

41
Q

How do we hyperpolarise a cell?

A

Allow more chlorine in

Allow more potassium out

42
Q

How do we depolarise a cell?

A

Allow more Na+ in

Block K+ from leaving

43
Q

What causes a fast IPSP?

A

Allowing more Cl- in

44
Q

What causes aa slow IPSP?

A

Letting more K+ out

45
Q

What causes fast EPSP?

A

Letting more Na+ in

46
Q

What causes slow EPSP?

A

Stopping K+ leaving

This is more of a gradual process

47
Q

How are the postsynaptic potentials produced?

A

By neurotransmitters opening or closing ion channels

Ligand gated

48
Q

How are the action potential produced?

A

Depolarising the membrane potential opening ion channels

Voltage gated

49
Q

Can graded potentials summate?

A

Yes

50
Q

What is summation?

A

When sub-threshold come together to fire an AP

51
Q

What is synaptic integration?

A

Process of summing up all inputs to determine whether or not the initial segment reaches threshold

52
Q

What happens when the RMP reaches -55mV?

A

Massive sudden depolarisation and AP is fired

53
Q

After an AP what happens?

A

Their is a massive repolarisation even beyond RMP

54
Q

What channels open when RMP = -55mV?

A

All sodium channels open

55
Q

How does the cell repolarise?

A

All sodium channels close

Voltage gated potassium channels open

56
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

The time when the Na+ channels will not respond as they need to recover after aP

57
Q

Are AP fired to different aptitudes?

A

No always the same aptitude

58
Q

What indicated the size of the stimulus in AP?

A

The frequency

59
Q

Why are AP self propagating?

A

One AP automatically triggers the next to have an AP

60
Q

What can conduction be improved by?

A

Myelination

Large axons

61
Q

Why do large axons increase conduction?

A

Less resistance

62
Q

Why does myelination increase conduction?

A

Makes membrane less leaky

Decreases membrane capacitance

63
Q

What does MS do?

A

The immune system attacks the myelin

Meaning the AP decay quicker

64
Q

What does GBS affect?

A

The particular peripheral myelin

Meaning the AP decay quicker

65
Q

Can AP summate?

A

No
They are all or none
Always the same aptitude

66
Q

What does the graded potential decide?

A

If AP will be fired

67
Q

What does tetrodotoxin do?

A

Blocks Na+ channels so blocks AP

68
Q

What does Joro Spider toxin do?

A

Blocks Ca2+ channels
Stops transmitter being released
Essentially paralysing

69
Q

What does botulinum toxin do?

A

Blocks the transmitter release as vesicles get stuck

70
Q

What does curare d?

A

Blocks Ach receptors so blocks end plate potential

71
Q

What do anticholinesterases no?

A

Block Ach breakdown

Transmission at NMJ is increases as neurotransmitter is still in synpase

72
Q

What kind of potentials can CNS synapses have?

A

Fast
Slow ESPS
Fast
Slow ESPS

73
Q

What is an axo-somatic synapse?

A

Between axon and cell body

74
Q

What is an axo-dendritic synapse?

A

Between axon and dendrite

75
Q

What is an axo-axonal synapse?

A

Between axon and axon

76
Q

What is convergence?

A

When many come together to one?

77
Q

What is divergence?

A

When one spreads off into many

78
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

When the branch reaches back and prevents another AP being fired

79
Q

What is monosynaptic?

A

When there is one synapse

80
Q

What is polysynaptic?

A

When there is more than one synapse

Science for Medicine (13 decks)

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