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Science for Medicine > Blood and Immunology > Flashcards

Blood and Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

How much blood does an average man have?

A

5L

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2
Q

How much blood does a new born baby have?

A

350ml

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3
Q

Who has more blood males or females?

A

Males

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4
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A 
Carry physiologically active compounds
Carry gas
Maintenance of ECG pH
Defence 
Clotting 
Thermoregulation
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5
Q

What % of plasma is water?

A

95%

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6
Q

What % of plasma is not water?

A

5%

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7
Q

What is plasma?

A

The liquid part of blood

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8
Q

What 3 categories are plasma proteins divided into?

A

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen

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9
Q

What is the main plasma protein?

A

Albumin

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10
Q

What is the general role of fibrinogen?

A

Works to clot the blood

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11
Q

What is globulin subdivided into?

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

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12
Q

What 2 forces if the movement of fluid between capillary and ISP subject to?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

Colloid Oncotic Pressure

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13
Q

Where is pressure higher; inside or outside the vessel?

A

Inside

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14
Q

What is hypoproteinaemia?

A

When there is abnormally low levels of circulating plasma proteins

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15
Q

What is a common characteristic of hypoproteinaemia?

A

Oedema due to loss of oncotic pressure

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16
Q

Where do all blood cells come from?

A

Undiffentiated stem cells in the body

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17
Q

What is an uncommitted pluripotent cell?

A

Still a stem cell

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18
Q

What is a committed prognitory cell?

A

A multipotent stem cell that will become a blood cell but not entirely clear which exact type of blood cell it will become

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19
Q

Are platelets a cell?

A

No - there are a vital for blood clotting but they aren’t cells in their own right

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20
Q

What is a myeloid cell?

A

Anything that isn’t a lymphocyte

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21
Q

What is the more common name for erythrocytes?

A

RBC

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22
Q

What is the most abundant blood cell?

A

RBC

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23
Q

What is the cytoplasm of a RBC packed full of?

A

Haemoglobin

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24
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A gas transporter

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25
Q

What is oxyhaemoglobin bound to?

A

Oxygen

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26
Q

What is the difference between oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin is bound to oxygen

Deoxyhaemoglobin is not bound to oxygen

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27
Q

What is the name of the formation of RBC?

A

Erythropoiesis

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28
Q

What is erythropoiesis controlled and accelerated by?

A

Erythropoietin

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29
Q

When the kidneys become diseased what cannot be produced as easily?

A

Erythropoiten

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30
Q

What do RBC not have?

A

A nucleus

Mitochondria

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31
Q

Where does all the energy in RBC come from and why?

A

Glycolysis

Because they don’t have mitochondria

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32
Q

What is a more common name for leukocytes?

A

WBC

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33
Q

Are WBC nucleated?

A

Yes

They do have a nucleus

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34
Q

What are WBC involved in?

A

Immunity

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35
Q

What is the most abundant WBC?

A

Neutrophils

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36
Q

Are neutrophils phagocytic?

A

Yes

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37
Q

What is the half life of neutrophils?

A

6 hours

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38
Q

How many neutrophils doe we produce a day?

A

Around 100 million

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39
Q

What is our first line of defence WBC?

A

Neutrophil

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40
Q

When do eosinophils divide rapidly?

A

In response to an allergic response

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41
Q

What do eosonphils attack?

A

Large pathogens

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42
Q

What do basophils release?

A

Histamine

Heparin

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43
Q

What do basophils reduce?

A

The viscosity of blood

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44
Q

What do monocytes become?

A

Macrophages

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45
Q

What is the largest WBC?

A

Monocytes

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46
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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47
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells

T cells

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48
Q

What nature is a macrophage?

A

Phagocytic

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49
Q

A macrophage is a matured?

A

Monocyte

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50
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

Liver

Lungs

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51
Q

What type of immunity are lymphocytes part of?

A

Adaptive immunity

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52
Q

What can lymphocytes produce?

A

Memory cells

Immunological memory

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53
Q

Why is an immunological memory created?

A

To create a faster secondary response

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54
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

WBC formation

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55
Q

What is WBC formation controlled by?

A

Cocktail of cytokines

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56
Q

What do the cytokines stimulate in WBC formation?

A

Mitosis and maturation of WBC

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57
Q

What are platelets?

A

Membrane bound cell fragments

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58
Q

Are platelets nucleated?

A

Rarely

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59
Q

What do platelets mediate?

A

Clotting

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60
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

To adhere to damaged vessels and connective tissue and clot

61
Q

How much thicker is plasma than water?

A

1.8 times

62
Q

How much thicker is blood than water?

A

3-4X

63
Q

What is the viscosity of blood dependent on?

A

Haematocrit
Temperature
Flow rate

64
Q

What is one of the key features of the immune system?

A

The ability to recognise self and non-self

65
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Anything that is going to cause harm or disease

66
Q

Give examples of pathogens?

A

Bateria
Viruses
Parasites
Fungi

67
Q

What are the 2 vital physical barriers in immunity?

A

Skin

Mucous membrane

68
Q

Which is a more important physical barrier skin or mucous membranes?

A

Mucous membranes

Because they cover such a large surface area

69
Q

What is mucous produced by?

A

Goblet cells

70
Q

What is the innate immune system?

A

Non-specific
First to come into play
Will mount the same response over and over again

71
Q

Does the innate immune system produce immunological memory?

A

No

72
Q

Does the adaptive immune system produce immunological memory?

A

Yes

73
Q

Is the adaptive immunity specific?

A

Yes

74
Q

What do B cells produce?

A

Plasma cells

75
Q

Which cell is known as the professional phagocyte?

A

Macrophages

76
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

Macrophage encounters pathogen
Engulfs into cell in phagosome
Fuses with lysosome
Killing bacterium

77
Q

What can a phagocytic cell become?

A

An antigen presenting cell

78
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

In the tissue

79
Q

What do macrophages produce to signal other WBC?

A

Cytokines

80
Q

What are the main cell to make up pus?

A

Neutrophils

81
Q

What do eosinophil help combat?

A

Parasitic infection

82
Q

What do mast cells release?

A

Histamine

83
Q

Too much histamine casues what?

A

Harm to host

Amphipathic shock

84
Q

What is the function of a basophil?

A

Its function has never been proven

85
Q

What non cell components does the innate immune system compose of?

A

Growth inhibitors
Enzyme inhibitors
Lysins
COMPLEMENT PROTEINS

86
Q

How many complement proteins are there?

A

25

87
Q

What does the complement system bridge a gap between?

A

Innate and adaptive immune system

88
Q

What is the alternative and lectin complement pathway a mechanism of?

A

The innate immune system

89
Q

What is the classical complement pathway a mechanism of?

A

The adaptive immune system

90
Q

What is the main aim of the complement system?

A

To make holes in the pathogen

Resulting in the loss of homeostasis

91
Q

What is the end product in the 3 complement protein pathways?

A

C5

92
Q

What does C5 combine with to do?

A

C6,7,8,9 to form a pore to punch into the cell

93
Q

What is the central event of the 3 complement pathways?

A

The proteolysis of C3

94
Q

Why does MAC not affect our cells?

A

We have proteins that prevent the hole puncher

95
Q

How do viruses survive?

A

They use the hosts cell to reproduce and replicate

96
Q

Are viruses living or non living?

A

Don’t know

97
Q

What do NK cells deal with specifically?

A

Virus infected cells

Tumour infecte cells

98
Q

Do NK cells have receptors?

A

Yes

99
Q

How do NK cells work?

A

They secrete self destructive enzymes

Or perform MAC

100
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Signalling molecules

used by cells to Communicate with one another

101
Q

What does autocrine mean?

A

Signalling to self

102
Q

What does paracrine mean?

A

Signalling to nearby cell

103
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A

Signalling to distant cell

104
Q

What would happen in the absence of inflammation?

A

Wounds and infections would never heal

105
Q

What are the 2 classifications of inflammation?

A

Chronic

Acute

106
Q

What forms the basis of our vaccines?

A

Adaptive immunity
Secondary response
Immunological memory

107
Q

What needs to happen for T cells to recognise an antigen?

A

It needs to be presented to them on an antigen presenting cell

108
Q

What are activated quicker memory cells or naive cells?

A

Memory cells

109
Q

What cell is responsible for Ab production?

A

Plasma cells

110
Q

What do B cells mature into?

A

Plasma cells

111
Q

What do B cells have on their surface?

A

An antibody

112
Q

What does the Ab on the surface of B cells do?

A

Recognise the specific antigen

113
Q

Who do B cells generally need help from?

A

T cells

114
Q

Which is more important to tolerize B or T cells?

A

T cells

115
Q

If T cells don not recognise our own antigens what does this prevent?

A

The B cells making Ab against our own antigens

116
Q

If the B cell does not receive conformation from the T cells what happens?

A

It will undergo apoptosis

117
Q

What is the Epitope?

A

The part of the antigen that the immune cell recognises

118
Q

What are the 2 types of light chains in mammals?

A

Lambda and Kappa

119
Q

What are the 5 types of Ab?

A 
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD
120
Q

What defines the class of Ab?

A

Heavy chain

121
Q

How many types of mammalian heavy chains are there?

A

5

122
Q

Can the class of antibody be altered?

A

Yes - to better handle the pathogen it is fighting

123
Q

What is the first Ab to be released?

A

IgM

124
Q

Why is the IgM Ab the first to be released?

A

Because it has 10 binding sites - 5 of which are ready for immune response

125
Q

Why are Ab flexible?

A

So they can bind to all antigens on the surface

126
Q

Are all B cells T cell dependent?

A

No some are T cell dependent

Some are T cell independent

127
Q

Why is IgA found in the gut/

A

Because there is no way to secrete Ab from the plasma into the gut

128
Q

What is the lymphatic system heavily involved in?

A

Immunity

129
Q

Where do lymphatic vessels carry lymph?

A

Away from the tissues

130
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

To drain tissue

To absorb and transport fatty acids

131
Q

What fluid does the lymph system carry?

A

Lymph

132
Q

What is the smallest area of the lymph system\?

A

The lymph capillaries

133
Q

What do the lymph capillaries merge to form?

A

Lymph vessels

134
Q

What do lymph vessels merge to form?

A

Lymph trunks

135
Q

Where do lymphatic vessels occur?

A

Practically everywhere that blood vessels occur

136
Q

Why does leaked out fluid from the blood need to reenter the blood stream?

A

To prevent blood pressure from dropping

137
Q

How is the lymphatic system carried back up to the heart?

A

By muscles

138
Q

What does MCH I work with?

A

CD8+ cytotoxic cells

139
Q

What does MCH II work with?

A

CD4+ helper cells

140
Q

What is a primary lymphoid organ?

A

Places where blood cells are produced and receive their early training

141
Q

Give examples of primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

142
Q

Where are T cells educated?

A

Thymus

143
Q

What is a secondary lymphoid organ?

A

Where lymphocytes are activated

144
Q

Where is erythropoietin mainly secreted?

A

By the peritubular capillary beds found in the kidneys

Also the hepatocytes of the liver

145
Q

Where do platelets not adhere to?

A

Healthy endothelium

146
Q

What is meant by haematocrit?

A

The % of blood made up by RBC

147
Q

What is larger WBC or RBC?

A

WBC

148
Q

Give examples of secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen

Lymph nodes

149
Q

The section of the antibody that binds to the antigen is known as the what?

A

Paratope

Science for Medicine (13 decks)

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