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Science for Medicine > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

How do we store sugar in out body?

A

As glycogen

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2
Q

What are the 3 important hexoses in human biochemistry?

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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3
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A one sugar monomer

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4
Q

What is disaccharide?

A

A two sugar polymer

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5
Q

Monomers in sugar are linked by what kind of bonds?

A

Glycosidic

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6
Q

How is a covalent bond formed between sugar monomers?

A

When the hydroxyl group of one of the monomers reacts with the anomeric carbon of another sugar monomer

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7
Q

What are the 3 important disaccharides in human biochemistry?

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

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8
Q

What is maltose a breakdown product of?

A

Starch

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9
Q

Why is maltose termed a reducing sugar?

A

As it itself is oxidised

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10
Q

What is lactose the main sugar in?

A

Milk

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11
Q

How is lactose formed?

A

Glycosidic bond between galactose and glucose

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12
Q

On lactose there is an anomeric carbon available for oxidation so it therefore known as what?

A

A reducing sugar

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13
Q

What is sucrose made by?

A

Plants

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14
Q

What is the sweetener sugar in most processed food?

A

Sucrose

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15
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A polymer of sugarnmonomers ranging from medium to high molecular weight

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16
Q

What is a homopolysaccharide?

A

A sugar polymer of a single monomeric species

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17
Q

What is a heteropolysaccharide?

A

A sugar polymer that has two or more monomer species

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18
Q

What two polymers of glucose does starch contain?

A

Amylose

Amylopectin

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19
Q

What bonds form the backbone of starch?

A

The a1-a4 bonds

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20
Q

What bonds form the branches of starch?

A

The a1-a16 bonds

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21
Q

What bonds form the backbone of glycogen?

A

The a1-a4 bonds

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22
Q

What bonds from the branches in glycogen?

A

The a1-a6 bond

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23
Q

Which is more extensively branched glycogen or starch?

A

Glycogen

24
Q

Where is 90% of glycogen stored in the body?

A

The liver and in skeletal muscle

25
Q

What is glycogen rapidly broken down to yield?

A

Glucose

26
Q

Why are the polymers of glucose osmotically inactive?

A

So that energy is not wasted on maintaining correct conc. gradients

27
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

A

A protein that has carbohydrate COVALENTLY linked to it

28
Q

Why do carbohydrate bind to proteins?

A

To increase their solubility
To influence the proteins folding and conformation
To protect the protein from degradation
To act as communication between cells (extra signalling)

29
Q

What content is higher in proteoglycans: protein or carbohydrate?

A

Carbohydrate

30
Q

How are proteoglycans formed?

A

Form GAGs covalently attaching to proteins

31
Q

What do proteoglycans from pars of?

A

The connective tissues in the body

32
Q

Where are proteoglycans found?

A

On the surface of cells or in between cells in the extracellular matrix

33
Q

What is mucopolysaccharidoses caused by?

A

The absence of malfunction of enzymes that are required for the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans

34
Q

Where in the body does carbohydrate digestion begin?

A

The mouth

35
Q

What in the mouth breakdowns carbohydrates?

A

Salivary amylase

36
Q

Does any carbohydrate digestion occur in the stomach?

A

No

37
Q

What does hydrolysing mean?

A

Breaking down the covalent link between monomers

38
Q

What are the main products of carbohydrate digestion?

A

Glucose, galactate and fructose

39
Q

What concentration gradients drives the glucose molecules through the membrane?

A

Na+ gradients

40
Q

How is glucose transported into epithelial cells?

A

Sodium flows down its concentration gradient into epithelial cells and takes glucose with it

41
Q

When the sodium gradient takes glucose with it what type of transport is this?

A

Facilitated transport

42
Q

Why after facilitated transport does Na+have to be pumped back out of the cell?

A

To maintain the high Na+ on the outside to keep the process going

43
Q

What does the process of the absorption of glucose require?

A

ATP

44
Q

Does the absorption of glucose continue even if blood glucose is high?

A

Yes - even though it is working against its concentration gradient

45
Q

How is galactose absorbed?

A

Through a similar mode of transport as glucose - utilising gradients

46
Q

How is fructose absorbed?

A

It binds to GLUT5 and moves down its concentration gradient

47
Q

How are cellulose and hemicellulose broken down?

A

The polymers are broken down by gut bacteria

48
Q

When gut bacteria break down cellulose an hemicellulose what do they yield?

A

CH4 and H2

49
Q

How is absorbed glucose prevented from being re released back out of the cell?

A

It is converted to G-6-P which cannot diffuse back out of the cell

50
Q

Why can’t G-6-P diffuse back out of the cell?

A

Because GLUT transporters wont recognise it

51
Q

Once glucose diffuses through the intestinal epithelium cells where does it go?

A

Into the portal blood and on to the liver

52
Q

Where is glucokinase found?

A

Liver

53
Q

Where is hexokinase found?

A

In the other tissues of the body

54
Q

What enzyme breaks down glucose-6-phosphate to yield free glucose?

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

55
Q

In skeletal muscle what is glycogen broken down into?

A

Lactate

56
Q

From what ends is glycogen broken down- glucose is removed one monomer at a time?

A

Non-reducing ends

Science for Medicine (13 decks)

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