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Royal Compendium > NEW SS: Section 4 > Flashcards

NEW SS: Section 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Scientist facts do not develop in a ______________.

A

vacuum

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2
Q

What happened in the late 1950s regarding CO2?

A

Scientists started paying close attention to the increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere

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3
Q

Why are scientists understanding climate change like climbing a ladder they were building along the way?

A

Because scientists would discover facts and information, then build off that information for future discoveries; as this happened, the scientists learned more about climate change

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4
Q

What does the UN stand for?

A

United Nations

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5
Q

When was the UN founded?

A

1946, in the immediate aftermath of WWII

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6
Q

What is the UN charter?

A

an international treaty, where members are bound by its terms

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7
Q

What is the main goal of the UN?

A

to prevent the use of force in international relations

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8
Q

When was the Cold War?

A

1946 to 1991 CE

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9
Q

During the Cold War, who were the main competing powers?

A

The USSR and US, as well as their respective allies

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10
Q

How did the USSR and US compete on the science front during the Cold War?

A

through the space race

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11
Q

What 2 countries were involved in the space race?

A

The US and USSR

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12
Q

Who launched the first artificial Earth satellite?

A

the USSR

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13
Q

What was the name of the first artificial satellite?

A

Sputnik

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14
Q

When was Sputnik launched?

A

1957

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15
Q

How did the US counter the launching of Sputnik by the USSR?

A

by launching their own space program and investing lots of money into it

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16
Q

Who landed the first humans on the moon?

A

the US

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17
Q

When did the first humans land on the moon?

A

1969

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18
Q

What does NASA stand for?

A

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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19
Q

When was NASA founded?

A

1958

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20
Q

What do those involved in a research program agree to do?

A

contribute their time and resources to pursue a research agenda together

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21
Q

What does WCRP stand for?

A

World Climate Research Programme

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22
Q

When was the WCRP established?

A

1979

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23
Q

What does IGBP stand for?

A

Internation Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

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24
Q

When was the IGBP established?

A

1987

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25
Q

What does ICS stand for?

A

Internation Council for Science

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26
Q

What was the ICS formerly known as?

A

the ICSU

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27
Q

What does ICSU stand for?

A

International Council for Scientific Union

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28
Q

When was the ISCU established?

A

1931

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29
Q

Who was Lloyd Berkner?

A

an American physicist and engineer whose suggestion to the ISCU helped start the IGY

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30
Q

What did Lloyd Berkner suggest to the ISCU in 1952?

A

That they begin a systematic and comprehensive study of geophysical activities over a set period

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31
Q

What did Lloyd Berkner’s suggestion in 1952 to the ISCU lead to?

A

the creation of the IGY

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32
Q

What does IGY stand for?

A

International GeoPhysical Year

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33
Q

When was the IGY?

A

July 1957 to December 1958

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34
Q

What was the IGY supposed to correspond with?

A

a high point in the 11-year cycle of sunspot activity

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35
Q

The IGY was foundational for the launch of which program?

A

NASA

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36
Q

As part of the IGY, what did Charles David Keeling start doing?

A

He started to regularly check the CO2 levels in the air from Hawaii

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37
Q

Where did Keeling track CO2 levels in the air from?

A

Mauna Loa, Hawaii

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38
Q

Why did Bert Bolin travel to Washington D.C. in 1959?

A

To alert the National Academy of Sciences that increasing CO2 levels could have serious consequences

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39
Q

When did Bert Bolin travel to Washington D.C. to alert the National Academy of Sciences?

A

1959

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40
Q

When did Keeling release his data on CO2 levels in the atmosphere?

A

1961

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41
Q

What did Keeling call his data on CO2 levels in the atmosphere?

A

the Keeling Curve

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42
Q

What does the Keeling Curve reveal?

A

It shows that CO2 levels have been rising

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43
Q

Who was the first chair of the ISCU’s new committee on atmospheric sciences?

A

Bert Bolin

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44
Q

When did Bert Bolin become the first chair of the ISCU’s new committee on atmospheric sciences?

A

1964

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45
Q

Data about rising CO2 levels and awareness of its ability to warm temperatures resulted in what?

A

interest in this topic, and new communities of scientists and formal organizations dedicated to climate change

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46
Q

What does WMO stand for?

A

World Meteorological Organization

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47
Q

When was WMO established?

A

1950

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48
Q

What other organization is WMO a part of?

A

the UN

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49
Q

In 1967, the ISCU and WMO came together to form what?

A

GARP

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50
Q

What does GARP stand for?

A

Global Atmospheric Research Program

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51
Q

When was GARP formed?

A

1967

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52
Q

What 2 groups formed GARP?

A

the ISCU and WMO

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53
Q

What was GARP at the center of?

A

helping people understand more about weather and climate during the 70s and 80s

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54
Q

When was GARP at the center of helping people?

A

the 1970s and 1980s

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55
Q

What does UNEP stand for?

A

United Nations Environmental Programme

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56
Q

What was hosted in 1978 in Austria by the ISCU, WMO, and UNEP?

A

an International Workshop on Climate Issues

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57
Q

Where was the International Workshop on Climate Issues hosted in 1978?

A

Austria

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58
Q

What organizations hosted the International Workshop on Climate Issues in 1978 located in Austria?

A

the ISCU, WMO, and UNEP

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59
Q

What did the International Workshop on Climate Issues in Austria in 1978 identify a need for?

A

an organization that could do more than GARP

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60
Q

What organization came as a result of the International Workshop on Climate Issues in 1978?

A

the WCRP

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61
Q

What organization succeeded GARP?

A

the WCRP

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62
Q

What did the WCRP do?

A

it led research that increased the knowledge of how the oceans and atmosphere interact to create weather, and it raised awareness for climate change among the general public

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63
Q

What led to the creation of the IGBP?

A

a push from scientists for a new program that would comprehensively study global change, to provide context for climate change and its causes

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64
Q

Who was the center of the push for the creation of the IGBP?

A

Bert Bolin and other scientists

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65
Q

Did the IGBP take over the WCRP?

A

No, the 2 worked as a team

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66
Q

What was the topic of the conference in 1985 in Villach, Austria, hosted by the ISCU, WMO, and UNEP?

A

“Assessment of the Role of Carbon Dioxide and of Other Greenhouse Gases in Climate Variations and Associated Impacts”

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67
Q

Who hosted the major conference in Villach, Austria in 1985?

A

the ISCU, WMO, and UNEP

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68
Q

When was the conference in 1985 hosted by the ISCU, WMO, and UNEP?

A

1985

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69
Q

What did the participants in the 1985 conference in Villach, Austria agree on?

A

that GHG emissions can raise global temperatures and the consequences of this will be serious

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70
Q

What group was formed in the conference in 1985 hosted by the ISCU, WMO, and UNEP in Villach, Austria?

A

the AGGG

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71
Q

What does AGGG stand for?

A

Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases

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72
Q

When was the conference hosted by the WMO in Toronto, Canada?

A

1988

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73
Q

Who hosted the 1988 conference in Toronto, Canada?

A

WMO

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74
Q

What was the name of the 1988 conference in Toronto hosted by the WMO?

A

“The Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security”

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75
Q

What organization was James E. Hansen part of?

A

NASA

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76
Q

What did James E. Hansen do in 1988?

A

He testified before the US Senate that human-induced greenhouse gases were the cause of climate change

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77
Q

When did James E. Hansen testify before the US Senate?

A

1988

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78
Q

What does IPCC stand for?

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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79
Q

When was the IPCC created?

A

the late 80s, specifically 1988

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80
Q

Why was the IPCC established?

A

To spread information and research on climate change among scientists and the general public

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81
Q

Who was the IPCC’s first chair?

A

Bert Bolin

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82
Q

When did Bert Bolin serve as the IPCC’s first chair?

A

1988 to 1998

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83
Q

Who made “Merchants of Doubt”?

A

Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway

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84
Q

When was “Merchants of Doubt” published?

A

2010

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85
Q

What does “Merchants of Doubt” explain?

A

How a small group of influential people influenced and prevented action for climate change, as well as why many people don’t believe in climate change

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86
Q

What position did William Nierenberg retire from in 1984?

A

the Director of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography

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87
Q

When did Nierenberg retire from his position as the Director of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography?

A

1984

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88
Q

What was the Scripps Institute of Oceanography?

A

a well-respected scientific institution at the forefront of the study of climate

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89
Q

What did Nierenberg join after he retired?

A

the Board of Directors of the Marshall Institute

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90
Q

Where was the Marshall Institute located?

A

Washington D.C.

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91
Q

How was the Marshall Institute different from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography?

A

The Marshall Institute had a political agenda it had to achieve

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92
Q

What does SDI stand for?

A

Strategic Defense Initiative

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93
Q

The SDI was an agenda for which war?

A

the Cold War

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94
Q

What signaled the end of the Cold War?

A

the fall of the Berlin Wall

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95
Q

When did the Berlin Wall come down?

A

1989

96
Q

Under which US President was the Marshall Institute founded?

A

President Ronald Reagen

97
Q

Near the end of the Cold War, what did the Marshall Institute start attacking?

A

climate science

98
Q

Who was the successor of Ronald Reagan as president?

A

President George H. W. Bush

99
Q

Did Bush consider taking action on mitigating climate change?

A

Yes, though he didn’t go through with it

100
Q

What did the paper published by the Marshall Institute in 1989 say about climate change?

A

It said climate change was caused by variability in solar energy, not greenhouse gases

101
Q

Did the paper published by the Marshall Institute in 1989 have the support of the scientific community?

A

No

102
Q

Who published a report saying the paper made by the Marshall Institute was incorrect in 1990?

A

the IPCC

103
Q

Rejecting the Kyoto Protocol was __________.

A

bipartisan

104
Q

When did the US Senate first vote on whether to accept the Kyoto Protocol?

A

July 25, 1997

105
Q

What was the outcome of the US Senate voting on whether to accept the Kyoto Protocol in 1997?

A

the vote was 95-0

106
Q

What 2 ideas did the US Senate state after rejecting the Kyoto Protocol?

A

Other countries need to commit before the US and taking action will slow the US economy

107
Q

Which US president agreed to sign the Kyoto Protocol in 1998?

A

President Bill Clinton

108
Q

When did President Bill Clinton sign the Kyoto Protocol?

A

1998

109
Q

In the 2000 election, who were the candidates?

A

George W. Bush vs Al Gore

110
Q

Whose son is George W. Bush?

A

he is the son of George H. W. Bush

111
Q

Who received the popular vote in the 2000 election?

A

Al Gore

112
Q

What was the legal battle surrounding the 2000 election about?

A

it was regarding the vote counts in the state of Florida

113
Q

Who did the Supreme Court declare the winner of the 2000 election?

A

George W. Bush

114
Q

A New York Times Article from Nov. 3, 2000, said what about the candidates for the 2000 election?

A

That Gore supporting climate action and Bush being against it was a key distinguisher of the 2 candidates

115
Q

How did ExxonMobil react to potential governmental regulations of fossil fuels?

A

They started funding organizations that opposed climate change and created skepticism about it, especially during the 70s and 80s

116
Q

Did ExxonMobil research climate change?

A

Yes, during the 1970s and 1980s, they participated in the scientific study of climate change

117
Q

What was the most profitable year for Western oil companies?

A

2022

118
Q

The top 6 energy companies earned how much in 2022?

A

$219 billion

119
Q

How much did the top 6 energy companies give/payout to investors?

A

$110 billion

120
Q

What were the top 6 energy companies in 2022?

A

Shell, BP, TotalEnergies, Chevron, Exxon, and Equinor

121
Q

What does BP stand for? (the energy company)

A

British Petroleum

122
Q

What oil company produced the carbon footprint concept?

A

British Petroleum

123
Q

What well-known concept regarding climate change did BP produce?

A

the carbon footprint concept

124
Q

What is a carbon footprint?

A

The amount of carbon a person uses/produces

125
Q

What is the flaw with the carbon footprint concept?

A

It is that only a few people trying to reduce their carbon footprint doesn’t make much of a difference, and it leads focus away from collective action of companies and governments to only a handful of people

126
Q

What part of the US government is the US Chamber of Commerce?

A

the US Chamber of Commerce is not part of the government

127
Q

What is the US Chamber of Commerce?

A

a powerful lobbying group that advocates on behalf of businesses

128
Q

When did the US Chamber of Commerce acknowledge that humans contribute to climate change?

A

2019

129
Q

What did the US Chamber of Commerce do in 2019?

A

They acknowledged humans contribute to climate change, and they explored the relationship between business and climate change

130
Q

In 2022, out of 39 climate policies, how many did the US Chamber of Commerce advocate against?

A

25

131
Q

In 2022, out of 39 climate policies, how many did the US Chamber of Commerce advocate for?

A

9

132
Q

What are the 2 main political parties in the US?

A

the Democratic Party and the Republican Party

133
Q

What has the Republican Party branded itself as?

A

pro-business and anti-government regulation

134
Q

What idea does the Republican Party generally have on climate change?

A

They have skepticism on climate change and tend to believe climate action will hurt the US economy

135
Q

How is the Democratic Party different from the Republican Party on climate action and government regulation?

A

The Democratic Party is more supportive of climate action and environmental protection and also favors government regulation

136
Q

In a 2023 poll on whether to promote economic growth or climate action, what responses were received from the Republican Party?

A

72% supported prioritizing economic growth, while the other 23% supported climate action and 5% were unsure

137
Q

In a 2023 poll on whether to promote economic growth or climate action, what responses were received from the Democratic Party?

A

80% supported climate action, while 18% were for economic growth and 2% were neutral

138
Q

According to a 2023 study, people of what party are significantly more likely to think that the area they live in has been affected by extreme climate events, like droughts?

A

the Democratic Party

139
Q

What percent of Democrats believe human activity is causing climate changes?

A

93%

140
Q

What percent of Republicans believe human activity is causing climate changes?

A

55%

141
Q

What is the primary reason for political opposition to climate action?

A

economic concerns

142
Q

Who was the president from 2017 to 2021?

A

Donald Trump

143
Q

What US president withdrew from the Paris Agreement?

A

President Donald Trump

144
Q

When did President Donald Trump withdraw from the Paris Agreement?

A

2017

145
Q

When was the Paris Agreement created?

A

2015

146
Q

Why did President Donald Trump withdraw from the Paris Agreement?

A

because it put the US at a “very big economic disadvantage”

147
Q

Jair Bolsonaro was the president of which country?

A

Brazil

148
Q

Vladamir Putin is the president of which country?

A

Russia

149
Q

What major act against climate change occurred under President Jair Bolsonaro’s term?

A

massive deforestation of the Amazon rainforest

150
Q

A 2022 study in the UK found what about British broadcasters and climate science?

A

Roughly a third of them cast doubt on climate science

151
Q

The new channel Fox News reports from the perspective of what political party?

A

the Republican Party

152
Q

What did Fox News host Laura Ingraham do when covering smoke from Canadian fires pouring into the US?

A

She gave airtime to supporters of the oil industry who denied the dangers of smoke

153
Q

What does the UNFCCC stand for?

A

the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

154
Q

At what conference was the UNFCCC established?

A

the Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro

155
Q

Where was the UNFCCC established?

A

Rio de Janeiro

156
Q

When was the UNFCCC established?

A

1992

157
Q

The UNFCCC was a catalyst for which environmental policy?

A

the Kyoto Protocol

158
Q

What organization established the UNFCCC?

A

the UN

159
Q

When was the Kyoto Protocol drafted?

A

1997

160
Q

How many nations drafted the Kyoto Protocol in 1997?

A

37

161
Q

When did the Kyoto Protocol go into effect?

A

2005

162
Q

What did the Kyoto Protocol do?

A

It set a target for how much countries should aim to reduce their emissions

163
Q

Collectively, participators of the Kyoto Protocol need to reduce their emissions by how much?

A

5% from 2008 to 2012, compared to levels in the 1990

164
Q

How many nations agreed upon the Paris Agreement in 2015?

A

196

165
Q

What is the IPCC’s main goal?

A

To reduce warming by more than 2ºC above pre-industrial levels, and no more than 1.5ºC by 2100

166
Q

The IPCC wants to limit warming to no more than 1.5ºC by the year ________.

A

2100

167
Q

According to the IPCC, what is needed to achieve their main goal?

A

cutting emissions by 43% by the year 2030

168
Q

How much does the IPCC want to cut emissions by 2030?

A

43%

169
Q

When does the IPCC want to hit a peak in emissions?

A

2025 or before

170
Q

How close is the world to being on track to meet the 1.5ºC target by 2100?

A

very far, as of a late 2022 report

171
Q

What 2 lawmakers championed the Green New Deal in 2019?

A

Ocasio-Cortez from NY and Markey from Massachusetts

172
Q

What was needed to adopt the Green New Deal?

A

the support of the president, who was at the time Donald Trump

173
Q

What was the significance of the Green New Deal?

A

It cast a vision for investment in clean energy and green infrastructure while boosting the economy

174
Q

What does the name Green New Deal reference?

A

the New Deal signed in the 1930s

175
Q

What is the New Deal credited with doing?

A

Revitalizing the US. economy during the Great Depression

176
Q

Why does the Green New Deal reference the New Deal?

A

To emphasize that it can boost industries and the economy as a whole

177
Q

Did President Biden adopt the Green New Deal?

A

No, though he did create a similar plan called the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA)

178
Q

What does IRA stand for?

A

Inflation Reduction Act

179
Q

What US president signed the IRA?

A

President Joe Biden

180
Q

When was the IRA signed into law?

A

August 16, 2022

181
Q

The IRA provided the largest source of government funding for what?

A

climate-related issues

182
Q

How much money does the IRA put into climate funding?

A

$369 billion

183
Q

What is geoengineering?

A

Manipulating the Earth’s environment to counteract climate change

184
Q

What is another term for carbon sequestration?

A

carbon capture

185
Q

What type of engineering is carbon sequestration?

A

geoengineering

186
Q

What type of engineering is solar radiation management?

A

geoengineering

187
Q

What is carbon sequestration?

A

the capture of carbon from the atmosphere and storing it

188
Q

What are the 2 main challenges in carbon sequestration?

A

capturing the carbon and finding safe storage locations to put it

189
Q

What is solar radiation management?

A

creating sources that reflect solar energy away from the Earth’s surface and oceans

190
Q

What is the main precaution that should be taken with geoengineering?

A

Manipulating the Earth’s environment too much on too large of a scale can be detrimental

191
Q

When did solar and wind produce a record amount of energy?

A

2022

192
Q

What needs to replace our fossil fuel energy sources to reduce GHG emissions?

A

renewable energy

193
Q

What percent of global energy did wind and solar produce in 2022?

A

12%

194
Q

What state in particular used the IRA to build carbon capture facilities?

A

Louisiana

195
Q

According to Philosopher Olufemi O. Taiwo, what would the Green New Deal support if enacted?

A

“climate colonialism”

196
Q

What is climate colonialism?

A

the process of extracting resources or producing clean energy in less-powerful nations and using those benefits in wealthier nations

197
Q

What does Taiwo say climate justice should involve?

A

the understanding of the historical legacies that have led to today’s global wealth and power disparities

198
Q

Through what policy does the Biden administration attempt to incorporate climate justice?

A

the Justice40 Initiative

199
Q

The Justice40 Initiative was made under which administration?

A

the Biden administration

200
Q

What is the Justice40 Initiative?

A

A policy that sets a goal of 40% of overall benefits from Federal investment in certain areas to be given to underserved communities

201
Q

What categories of investment are covered in the Justice40 Initiative?

A

climate change, clean energy, energy efficiency, affordable/sustainable housing, clean transit, pollution reduction, and water/wastewater infrastructure

202
Q

How does climate scientist Katherine Hayhoe make a difference in her community?

A

By communicating the science of climate change to her faith community, Evangelical Christians

203
Q

What is the name of Katherine Hayhoe’s faith community?

A

the Evangelical Christians

204
Q

What does Katherine Hayhoe explain in her TED Talk?

A

That we can fight climate change by simply talking about it, rather than putting pressure on a few officials

205
Q

When did the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe in North Dakota lead protests against the Dakota Access Pipeline?

A

2016-2017

206
Q

What group led protests against the Dakota Access Pipeline in 2016-17?

A

the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe

207
Q

The Dakota Access Pipeline is part of which large pipeline system?

A

the Keystone Pipeline System

208
Q

The Keystone Pipeline System starts and ends where?

A

Alberta, Canada to Texas

209
Q

Why did people support the Dakota Access Pipeline?

A

because of its economic benefits

210
Q

What was the main area of the Dakota Access Pipeline that people protested over?

A

the area that went under the Missouri River

211
Q

What river is crucial for the drinking water of the Standing Rock Sioux?

A

the Missouri River

212
Q

Why were people worried about the area of the Dakota Access Pipeline that went under the Missouri River?

A

because it could contaminate the Standing Rock’s drinking water, as well as nearby ecosystems, through spills

213
Q

Were the protests against the Dakota Access Pipeline successful?

A

Yes

214
Q

Why did people protest against building a pipeline that transported fossil fuels from Canada to Texas?

A

Because it releases GHGs and causes environmental harm

215
Q

Who had to get involved with protests against building a pipeline from Texas to Canada?

A

law enforcement and government representatives

216
Q

Protesters who protested, vandalized, trespassed, and more committed acts of what?

A

civil disobedience

217
Q

How did the government and law enforcement get people to stop protesting against building a pipeline from Texas to Canada?

A

by using force

218
Q

Who ordered the construction of a pipeline from Texas to Canada, despite protests?

A

President Donald Trump

219
Q

When did President Donald Trump order the construction of a pipeline from Texas to Canada?

A

early 2017

220
Q

Who led Indigenous communities to protest against the expansion of mining operations in the Munduruku regions of the Amazon by British company Anglo American?

A

Alessandra Korap Munduruku

221
Q

Where is the company Anglo American from?

A

Britain

222
Q

What did Anglo American say when Alessandra Munduruku led protests?

A

They said they weren’t going to mine in the area, though it was obvious that they were going to

223
Q

When did Anglo American notify the Brazillian government of their plans to withdraw from the Amazon?

A

May 2021

224
Q

Alessandra Munduruku’s victory against Anglo American in 2021 helped protect what?

A

400,000 acres of rainforest in the Sawre Muybu Indigenous Territory

225
Q

How many participants are in the Fridays for Future movement?

A

14 million

226
Q

People from how many cities are in the Fridays for Future movement?

A

7,500 cities

227
Q

When did the Fridays for Future begin?

A

2018

228
Q

Who started the Fridays for Future movement?

A

Greta Thunberg

229
Q

How old was Thunberg when she started Fridays for Future?

A

15

230
Q

How did Fridays for Future start?

A

When Greta Thunberg sat outside the Swedish Parliament, and skipped school, for weeks, protesting how the government wasn’t doing anything to combat climate change. She eventually gained international attention and started this movement.

231
Q

Thunberg’s protest outside the Swedish Parliament is known as what?

A

a school strike

232
Q

Who is Luisa Neubauer?

A

a young German climate activist

233
Q

How did Luisa Neubauer help spread awareness of climate change?

A

She preached a sermon in the Berlin Cathedral and drew on a teaching stating one should not store up Earth’s treasures, and gave climate messages as well

234
Q

Where did Luisa Neubauer preach her sermon?

A

Berlin, Germany, specifically the Berlin Cathedral

235
Q

Where is Luisa Neubauer from?

A

Germany

236
Q

Where is Vanessa Nakate from?

A

Uganda

237
Q

How is Vanessa Nakate taking local action within her home country?

A

With a message that Africans are impacted by climate change and should be engaged in finding solutions

Royal Compendium (35 decks)

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