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fjfjfj > SS Section 1 > Flashcards

SS Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pleistocene era

A

An ice age that ended 11,700 years ago.

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2
Q

What did humans do during the Pleistocene era

A

They migrated around the world

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3
Q

When did the era of human growth begin

A

less than 12,000 years ago

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4
Q

Did our ancestors have control over their changing climate

A

No

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5
Q

What is causing the current climate change

A

Burning fossil fuels

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6
Q

Earth system science or ESS

A

An approach to study the natural worlds that looks at the Earth’s land, oceans, and atmosphere as a single system

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7
Q

How new is ESS

A

ESS is relatively new field

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8
Q

Troposphere

A

The layer of the atmosphere that is closest to the earth

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9
Q

Troposphere height

A

0km to 12km-18km

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10
Q

Stratosphere

A

The second closest layer of the atmosphere from earth

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10
Q

Troposphere Temp.

A

15C to -56.5C

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11
Q

Stratosphere height

A

11km to 50km

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12
Q

Stratosphere temp

A

-56.5C to -2.5C

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13
Q

Mesosphere

A

The layer of the atmosphere that is the third farthest away from Earth

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14
Q

Mesosphere height

A

40-50km to 80-90km

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15
Q

Mesosphere temp

A

-2.5C to -86.5C

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16
Q

Thermosphere

A

The second farthest layer of the atmosphere from earth

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17
Q

Thermosphere height

A

80-90km to 800km

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18
Q

Thermosphere temp

A

-86.5C to 1200C

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19
Q

Exosphere

A

The farthest layer of the atmosphere from Earth

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20
Q

Exosphere height

A

800km to 3000km

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21
Q

Exosphere temp

A

1200C

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22
Q

Subsystems

A

The different parts of ESS

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23
Q

Geosphere

A

Earth and rock

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24
Q

Hydrosphere

A

water and ice

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25
Q

atmosphere

A

air

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26
Q

biosphere

A

living organisms

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27
Q

What can the subsystems do

A

They can interact to shape the weather and climate

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28
Q

Forcings

A

External forces that can alter the stability of the weather and climate

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29
Q

Negative and Positive Feedbacks

A

Reactions from forcings

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30
Q

Scale

A

The size on which something is happening

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31
Q

Lithosphere

A

Synonym for geosphere

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32
Q

Geological Time scale

A

A time period which can take millions to billions of years

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33
Q

What can happen if a large volcano erupts

A

A time of short cooling can occur. If the volcano is big enough the cooling might be felt on a global scale.

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34
Q

What do mountain ranges cause

A

They cause rain to form

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35
Q

Cryosphere

A

A subsystem used by some scholars that includes only ice.

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36
Q

Climate Change in the hydrosphere

A

The polar ice caps are melting, is one of the most focused on effects of climate change

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37
Q

Layer of atmosphere from lowest to highest

A

Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

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38
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

occurs when gasses in the atmosphere trap heat in the atmosphere

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39
Q

Is the greenhouse effect good

A

Yes, but only in moderation. Not like the greenhouse effect we are receiving today

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40
Q

What can cause the Greenhouse effect to increase

A

To many greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

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41
Q

Earth’s Climate System

A

The different parts that combine to shape the climate around the globe

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42
Q

What is a vital source of external energy for the earth

A

Solar energy

43
Q

Three influenctial forcings are

A

solar energy, volcanos, greenhouse gases

44
Q

Solar Energy

A

Energy form the sun that heats up the earth

45
Q

The amount of energy transferred from the Sun to the Earth is not completely consistent over ____ ___ ____

A

time and space

46
Q

A period of lower sun temps. and fewer sunspots relates to

A

cool temps. in the North Hemisphere during early 1600s and late 1700s

47
Q

What has been a driver of climate change for hundreds of thousands of years

A

the earth’s movement and its relation to the sun

48
Q

Milankovitch cycle

A

A cycle that determines when the earth will get more or less sunlight

48
Q

Milankovitch cycle intervals

A

26,000, 41,000, and 100,000 years

49
Q

What does the term greenhouse gases refer to

A

Greenhouses, a building that traps heat form the sun and are used for agriculture.

49
Q

How powerful are the Milankovitch cycles

A

They can pull Earth in and out of ice ages

49
Q

How do eruptions of a volcano affect the environment

A

The ash and debris block the sunlight

49
Q

What can happen with back to back volcanic eruptions

A

The cooling effect of the ahs and debris will be felt over a larger area or even on a global scale

50
Q

What are some of the gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect

A

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane

51
Q

What happens when forcings begin to change the climate

A

The for subsystems are impacted in different ways

52
Q

What is an example of an feedback

A

the melting of sheets of ice in the North Pole

53
Q

Why are the sheets of ice melting in the north pole

A

this is due to a forcing

54
Q

What happens to some solar radiations

A

It is reflected by the Earth and its atmosphere

55
Q

What happens to most solar radiation

A

It is absorbed by the Earths surface and also warms it

56
Q

What happens to infrared radiation that is effect by the greenhouse gases

A

It passes through the atmosphere. Some gets absorbed and re-emitted in all direction by greenhouse gases

57
Q

What happens when infrared radiation is effected by greenhouse gases

A

It heats up the Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere

58
Q

Does the Earth’s surface emit infrared radiation

A

Yes

59
Q

What does a positive feedback mean

A

It means a reaction from a forcing that pushes the environment the same direction that climate change is pushing

60
Q

What does a negative feedback mean

A

It means that a reaction from a forcing pushed the opposite direction from which climate change was originally pushing it

61
Q

Tipping point

A

A point at which the climate cannot be saved

62
Q

Archive

A

Evidence of past events typically a write n document

63
Q

Archives of Society

A

Climate conditions that have been recorded by humans

64
Q

Archives of Nature

A

Climate conditions that have been recorded in nature.

65
Q

Example of an Archive of Nature3

A

A plant growing more because there i s more of a certain gas in the atmosphere

66
Q

Proxy

A

Something observable in nature that gives an indication of past climate conditions

67
Q

What are three of the most reveling sources of climate history

A

ice, trees, and soil

68
Q

Ice Core Sampling

A

Drilling long cylinders of ice out of deep glaciers to be analyzed for climate conditions

69
Q

Why does Ice core sampling work

A

Snow fall traps particle from the atmosphere then becomes ice. So we can analyze the ice for these particles

70
Q

How can Trees be analyzed for climate conditions

A

Scientist can observe the rings for the climate condition of that time

71
Q

Why does analyzing a tree work

A

It works because a tree’s rings change slightly when the weather/climate changes.

72
Q

Sedimentation

A

The layers of sediment or mud on the bottom of lakes
and the ocean contain information about the water

73
Q

Coral Sampling

A

Reveals past composition and temperatures of oceans

74
Q

Example of Narrative records

A

Ship logbook

75
Q

What is an other type of record

A

A painting

76
Q

What is the problem with paintings

A

they aren’t always reliable

77
Q

Scholarly field

A

A group of scholars who study evidence in the same way

78
Q

Witch fields offer complementary view of climate history

A

historical climatology, paleoclimatology, climate history, and the history of climate and society

79
Q

Which two fields are the same thing but with different names

A

Historical Climatology and Paleoclimatology

80
Q

What do the fields of historical climat5ology and paleoclimatology study

A

they study the climates of the past, usually before the 1800s

81
Q

What are some skills that historical climatology and paleoclimatology use

A

Collecting samples from nature, operating machinery or instruments to analyze samples, and analyzing data obtained from nature

82
Q

What do climate historians do

A

they collect and study sources from the archives of society

83
Q

What are skills that climate historians need

A

Being able to read the language of the text, ability to find text, analytical techniques, and the contextual knowledge to interpret these texts accurately

84
Q

Who was an influential pioneer in climate history

A

Christian Pfister

85
Q

When was Christian Pfister born

A

1944

86
Q

Is the History of Climate (HCS) and Society an old field

A

no

87
Q

Who is leading the push to form and name HCS

A

Dagomar Degroot

88
Q

What does HCS do

A

They try and see how climate has impacted the human society

89
Q

What does scale mean in context to HCS

A

the area of ones investigation

90
Q

What does HCS emphasize

A

it emphasizes the importance of scale

91
Q

What is the primary cause of current global warming

A

humans releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere

92
Q

Anthropcene

A

It is a term that emphasizes the fact that humans are to be responsible for this change in climate

93
Q

What does “Anthro” mean

A

human

94
Q

Why would the adoption of the term Anthropocene be so major

A

It would say that we have left the stable and relatively peaceful Holocene

95
Q

Why are scientists hesitant to adopt the term Anthropocene

A

They don’t know if we have enough evidence to justify the change in period

96
Q

Why is combining human and climate history so hard

A

This is because it is hard to determine if one event happened because of another event or if they happen coincidentally

97
Q

Climate determinism

A

Climate sets the course for human history

98
Q

What is the challenge with scales for combining human and climate history

A

The history of human kind is like blink in the massive scale of climate history

99
Q

Rachel Carson

A

The person credited with humans see how much we can alter the Earth

100
Q

Silent Spring

A

The book that helped humans realize how much they could impact the Earth

101
Q

What is a challenge that comes with the Anthropocene

A

It is so new that we have to start changing old narratives and methods to account for the changing of the Holocene

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