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Royal Compendium > NEW SS: Section 2 > Flashcards

NEW SS: Section 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When did the Holocene begin?

A

11,700 years ago

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2
Q

When did the oldest fossil record of Homo sapiens date to?

A

300,000 years ago

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3
Q

When did the Homo sapiens become the last surviving members of the Homo genus?

A

40,000 years ago

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4
Q

What genus did the Homo sapiens become the last surviving members of 40,000 years ago?

A

the Homo genus

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5
Q

What is the current global human population?

A

over 8 billion

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6
Q

What was the population cap of the Pleistocene?

A

10 million people

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7
Q

When was the end of the last ice age?

A

11,700 years ago

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8
Q

When did the Pleistocene epoch start and end?

A

2.8 million to 11,700 years ago

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9
Q

What does LGM stand for?

A

Last Glacial Maximum

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10
Q

When was the LGM?

A

20,000 years ago

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11
Q

During the LGM, what parts of Earth were covered by ice?

A

Europe, most of North America, and partially Asia

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12
Q

What is permafrost?

A

perenially frozen ground, or land that is frozen all year

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13
Q

The conclusion of what event marked the beginning of the Holocene?

A

the Younger Dryas period

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14
Q

When was the Younger Dryas period?

A

12,900 to 11,700 years ago

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15
Q

What caused the major glacial meltwater event 14,000 years ago?

A

warming caused by solar cycles

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16
Q

The meltwater event 14,000 years ago caused what?

A

a cold millennium known as the Younger Dryas period

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17
Q

What was the Younger Dryas period?

A

a cold millennium that reversed warming trends, with its ending signaling the start of the Holocene

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18
Q

How many periods are in the Holocene?

A

3

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19
Q

What is the 1st period of the Holocene?

A

the Early Holocene Subseries or Greendlandian Stage/Age

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20
Q

What is the 2nd period of the Holocene?

A

the Middle Holocene Subseries or Northgrippian Stage/Age

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21
Q

What is the 3rd period of the Holocene?

A

the Late Holocene Subseries or Meghalayan Stage/Age

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22
Q

The dates that mark how long ago events occurred, like the starting of the Holocene 11,700 years ago, used what year as the present?

A

2000 CE, and sometimes 1950 CE

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23
Q

When did the Early Holocene occur?

A

11,700 to 8,236 years ago

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24
Q

What years did the Early Holocene occur?

A

9700 to 6200 BCE

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25
Q

When did the Middle Holocene occur?

A

8,236 to 4,250 years ago

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26
Q

What years did the Middle Holocene occur?

A

6200 to 2250 BCE

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27
Q

When did the Late Holocene occur?

A

4,250 years ago to present day

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28
Q

What years did the Late Holocene occur?

A

2250 BCE to present day

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29
Q

What was the warmest period of the Holocene?

A

the Early Holocene

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30
Q

What period of the Holocene occurred during the Holocene thermal maximum?

A

the Early Holocene

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31
Q

When was the Holocene thermal maximum?

A

11,000 to 7,000 years ago

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32
Q

What is the warmest part of the Holocene called?

A

the Holocene thermal maximum

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33
Q

What was the Holocene thermal maximum?

A

the warmest period of the Holocene

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34
Q

Why is the Early Holocene nicknamed the Greenlandian Stage?

A

because of an ice core in Greenland, NGRIP2, that shows evidence of the start of the Holocene at 1,492 meters

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35
Q

What does the end date of the Early Holocene coincide with?

A

a meltwater event in Canada, when a glacial ice sheet collapsed

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36
Q

Where were humans after the Pleistocene?

A

all over the globe

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37
Q

Where is the Iberian Peninsula?

A

the western edge of Europe

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38
Q

What does the nickname for the Middle Holocene, the Northgrippian Stage, refer to?

A

an ice core from Greenland that shows evidence of cooler temperatures

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39
Q

What does the beginning date of the Middle Holocene coincide with?

A

a meltwater event, with the collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in Canada, the same one as what ended the Early Holocene

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40
Q

What is a meltwater event?

A

the melting or collapsing of a glacial sheet that accelerates the flow of icy water into the ocean

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41
Q

When during the Holocene did temperatures start to decline?

A

7,300 years ago, between 5300 and 3700 BCE

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42
Q

Why did temperatures in the Holocene begin to decline?

A

because of weakened solar energy

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43
Q

The period of time when temperatures in the Holocene started to decline is known as what?

A

the Mid-Holocene Transition

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44
Q

When was the Mid-Holocene Transition?

A

between 5300 and 3700 BCE

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45
Q

Which ages was the Middle Holocene seen as the transition between?

A

the Stone Age to the Bronze Age

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46
Q

What date did the Mesopotamian civilization start to emerge?

A

3500 BCE

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47
Q

How many years ago did the Mesopotamian civilization start to emerge?

A

5,500 years ago

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48
Q

What does the nickname for the Late Holocene, Meghalayan Stage, refer to?

A

a cave in northeast India where mineral deposits contain evidence of the new period

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49
Q

When was the Holocene Turnover?

A

4,250 years ago

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50
Q

What period of the Holocene did the Holocene Turnover occur in?

A

the Late Holocene

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51
Q

What was the Holocene Turnover?

A

abrupt changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions that led to changes in weather

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52
Q

The Holocene began 11,700 years ago using what years as a marker for the present?

A

2000 CE

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53
Q

What is one pitfall of scholarly fields in climatology?

A

they typically date past events

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54
Q

What do scholars use as the reference date for the year 0?

A

the birth of Christ

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55
Q

What does BC stand for?

A

Before Christ

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56
Q

What does AD stand for?

A

Anno Domini

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57
Q

What is Anno Domini Latin for?

A

“In the year of our Lord”

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58
Q

What is the term that equates to AD?

A

CE

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59
Q

What is the term that equates to BC?

A

BCE

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60
Q

What does CE stand for?

A

Common Era

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61
Q

What does BCE stand for?

A

Before Common Era

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62
Q

How long did the Pleistocene Epoch last?

A

2.6 million years ago

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63
Q

How long does Earth’s history span?

A

4 billion years

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64
Q

What is a pitfall of trying to synchronize climate history and human history?

A

the different scales of historical timelines, human history lasted a minuscule amount of time compared to nature’s vast existence

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65
Q

What 2 dates are commonly used when dating events that occurred thousands of years ago?

A

1950 CE and 2000 CE

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66
Q

Does it matter if sources use 1950 CE or 2000 CE to date past events from thousands of years ago?

A

No, 50 years is hardly a margin of error given the amount of time that has passed since it occurred

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67
Q

Why were humans largely unaware of any climatic change that might have happened in their lifetime?

A

because of the slow rate climate changes at

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68
Q

When did large, agricultural societies begin to emerge?

A

3500 BCE

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69
Q

What was different about the large, agricultural societies that emerged in 3500 BCE and after?

A

they were much larger, agriculturally based, and people stayed there for their entire lives

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70
Q

What consisted in the complex social structure of early agricultural societies?

A

groups called classes, which showed status

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71
Q

What is another word for agrarian?

A

farming

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72
Q

How were early agrarian communities closely linked with nature?

A

through their crops and animals they had

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73
Q

Where was Mesopotamia?

A

present-day Iraq

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74
Q

Mesopotamian water supply came from where?

A

the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

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75
Q

What enhanced the Mesopotamian water supply?

A

human-built irrigation systems

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76
Q

When did the Sumerians rule Mesopotamia?

A

3600 to 3000 BCE

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77
Q

Who was ruling Mesopotamia in 2250 BCE?

A

the Akkadians, with the Akkadian Empire

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78
Q

2250 BCE marks the boundary between what periods of the Holocene?

A

the Middle Holocene and Late Holocene

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79
Q

What notable climate-related event happened in 2250 BCE in Mesopotamia?

A

Abrupt climate changes resulted in cooler and dryer conditions, could possibly be linked to the fall of the Akkadian Empire in 2218 BCE

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80
Q

When was the Akkadian Empire?

A

2334 to 2218 BCE

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81
Q

What country is the Nile Delta in?

A

Egypt

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82
Q

What body of water did the Egyptians live near?

A

the Nile Delta

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83
Q

When did the Egyptians start their form of writing?

A

3200 BCE

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84
Q

When did the Egyptians build the pyramids by?

A

2500 BCE

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85
Q

When was the Old Kingdom of Egypt?

A

2700 to 2200 BCE

86
Q

How were the Egyptian records on water usage and farming?

A

very good

87
Q

Why do many experts look at Egypt to try to learn more about how people in ancient civilizations protected their farming conditions?

A

because of their highly detailed records of how they used water and the Nile River for farming and other uses

88
Q

Where was the Indus Civilization?

A

the Indus Valley

89
Q

Where is the Indus Valley?

A

modern-day Pakistan

90
Q

When was the Indus Civilization?

A

3200 to 1000 BCE

91
Q

How many parts can the Indus Civilization be split into?

A

3

92
Q

What are the 3 phases of the Indus Civilization?

A

the Early Harappan phase, Mature Harappan phase, and Late Harappan phase

93
Q

What was the 1st phase of the Indus Valley

A

the Early Harappan phase

94
Q

What was the 2nd phase of the Indus Valley

A

the Mature Harappan phase

95
Q

What was the 3rd phase of the Indus Valley

A

the Late Harappan phase

96
Q

When did the Early Harappan phase occur?

A

3200 to 2600 BCE

97
Q

What happened during the Early Harappan phase?

A

people moved there and cities were starting to form

98
Q

When did the Mature Harappan phase occur?

A

2600 to 1900 BCE

99
Q

What happened during the Mature Harappan phase?

A

Society became advanced, with social groups, clean and neat cities, and good trade and drainage systems

100
Q

When did the Late Harappan phase occur?

A

1900 to 1000 BCE

101
Q

What happened during the Late Harappan phase?

A

People left big cities to live in smaller villages and the civilization overall started to decline

102
Q

What date is considered a key turning point in the Indus Civilization?

A

2250 BCE

103
Q

What does Mesoamerica consist of?

A

Central America and most of Mexico

104
Q

The Andes Mountains are located in what country?

A

Peru

105
Q

What is one of the earliest cultures in the Andes Mountains?

A

the Chavin

106
Q

When did the Chavin live?

A

900 to 200 BCE

107
Q

Where did the Chavin live?

A

the Andes Mountains

108
Q

What group took over the Andes Mountains in the 1400s?

A

the Inca Empire

109
Q

When did the Inca Empire take over the Andes Mountains?

A

the 1400s

110
Q

Where did the Olmec rule?

A

Mesoamerica

111
Q

When did the Olmec rule Mesoamerica?

A

1200 to 500 BCE

112
Q

What civilizations came after the Olmec?

A

civilizations like the Maya and the Aztec

113
Q

When did Alexander the Great live?

A

356 to 323 BCE

114
Q

Where was Alexander the Great from?

A

Macedonia, though he was a Greek king

115
Q

Who conquered Egypt and Persia for the Greek Empire?

A

Alexander the Great

116
Q

How did Alexander the Great spread his language and culture across various regions?

A

Across all the areas he visited, cultural elements were shared and Greek became a common language

117
Q

How was the Roman Empire during 117 CE?

A

Very strong and large, ruling over a vast amount of land

118
Q

How was the weather during the 8th to 5th centuries in the Mediterranean?

A

colder and wetter

119
Q

How did the weather in the Mediterranean during the 8th to 5th centuries affect the area?

A

it helped farming and people to live and grow, which may have caused Greek city-states to become more powerful

120
Q

When was the Roman Empire at its peak power?

A

150 BCE to 250 CE

121
Q

What were the weather conditions in the Roman Empire during 150 BCE to 250 CE, its peak power?

A

this time featured stable conditions and rainfall across the empire

122
Q

Where did Alexander the Great’s conquering hold extend to?

A

as far as the Indus Valley

123
Q

When did the fall of the Roman Empire occur?

A

476 CE

124
Q

What does the fall of the Roman Empire mark?

A

the end of ancient times and the start of the Middle Ages

125
Q

What is another name for the Middle Ages?

A

the Medieval Period

126
Q

When did the Middle Ages start?

A

the year the Roman Empire fell, 476 CE

127
Q

When did the Middle Ages end?

A

1450 or 1500 CE

128
Q

What is the time span of the Middle Ages?

A

476 to 1450 or 1500 CE

129
Q

What did the end of the Middle Ages mark?

A

the start of the early modern period, which included the Renaissance

130
Q

When was the Renaissance?

A

1300 to 1600 CE

131
Q

What was the Renaissance?

A

a big cultural movement that was the start of the early modern period, spanned from 1300 to 1600 CE

132
Q

How was the Renaissance significant?

A

it helped move society from the Middle Ages to the modern era

133
Q

Why was the Renaissance called the
“Dark Ages”?

A

because they thought culture and technology didn’t progress

134
Q

How was the weather in 536 CE?

A

extremely cold, with it often being called the year without summer

135
Q

536 CE is often called the year without ___________.

A

summer

136
Q

What caused the weather conditions in 536 CE?

A

huge volcano eruptions

137
Q

How were the summers after 536 CE?

A

they were also some of the coldest summers in the Northern Hemisphere for 15 years afterward

138
Q

How long did the volcanic eruptions in 536 CE last?

A

15 years

139
Q

What is 536 CE known as?

A

the worst year to be alive

140
Q

Who nicknamed 536 CE as the worst year to be alive?

A

Michael McCormick

141
Q

What dynasty does China’s collection of human records date back to?

A

the Shang dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE

142
Q

When was the Shang dynasty?

A

1600 to 1050 BCE

143
Q

In China’s history, what have warming periods coincided with?

A

population growth

144
Q

In 2000 to 1600 BCE, how did China withstand the stress of a dry spell?

A

through their agricultural practices and complex society

145
Q

When was China’s biggest dry spell?

A

2000 to 1600 BCE

146
Q

What is the Mandate of Heaven?

A

the cultural belief in ancient China that suggests an emperor has a mandate to rule ordered by the universe

147
Q

In what dynasty did the Mandate of Heaven originate?

A

the Zhou dynasty, 1046 to 256 BCE

148
Q

When was the Zhou dynasty?

A

1046 to 256 BCE

149
Q

When did the Xia dynasty rule China?

A

2070 to 1600 BCE

150
Q

When was the “Spring and Autumn” period in China?

A

770 to 476 BCE

151
Q

When was the Warring States period in China?

A

475 to 221 BCE

152
Q

When did the Qin dynasty rule China?

A

221 to 207 BCE

153
Q

When did the Han dynasty rule China?

A

207 BCE to 220 CE

154
Q

When did the Three Kingdoms dynasty rule China?

A

220 to 280 CE

155
Q

When did the Jin dynasty rule China?

A

265 to 420 CE

156
Q

When did the Northern and Southern dynasties rule China?

A

420 to 589 CE

157
Q

When did the Sui dynasty rule China?

A

581 to 618 CE

158
Q

When did the Tang dynasty rule China?

A

618 to 907 CE

159
Q

When was the “Five Dynasties and Ten States” period in China?

A

907 to 960 CE

160
Q

When did the Song dynasty rule China?

A

960 to 1279 CE

161
Q

When did the Yuan dynasty rule China?

A

1271 to 1368 CE

162
Q

When did the Ming dynasty rule China?

A

1368 to 1644

163
Q

When did the Qing dynasty rule China?

A

1644 to 1911

164
Q

What does LIA stand for?

A

Little Ice Age

165
Q

When was the LIA?

A

1300 to 1850

166
Q

What was the LIA?

A

a time when the world a was a little cooler, though wasn’t the same everywhere

167
Q

Who first made contact with the Western Hemisphere?

A

Christopher Columbus in 1492

168
Q

When did Columbus first make contact with the Western Hemisphere?

A

1492

169
Q

What did Columbus do when he made contact with the Western Hemisphere?

A

He set up a program of conquering land and people under the colonial system

170
Q

What caused the LIA?

A

volcanic eruptions and lack of solar activity

171
Q

What are time periods of low sun activity called?

A

solar minima

172
Q

How many minima occurred during the LIA?

A

3

173
Q

What were the 3 minima during the LIA?

A

the Wolf minimum, Maunder Minimum, and Dalton minimum

174
Q

What was the 1st minimum of the LIA?

A

the Wolf Minimum

175
Q

What was the 2nd minimum of the LIA?

A

the Maunder Minimum

176
Q

What was the 3rd minimum of the LIA?

A

the Dalton Minimum

177
Q

When was the Wolf Minimum?

A

1280 to 1350 CE

178
Q

When was the Maunder Minimum?

A

1654 to 1715 CE

179
Q

When was the Dalton Minimum?

A

1790 to 1820 CE

180
Q

Where was most of the cooling during the LIA seen?

A

the Northern Hemisphere

181
Q

What did minima during the LIA? match up with?

A

times when the glaciers in the European Alps grew

182
Q

What did Europeans think of the global climate during the LIA?

A

they assumed the climate they had was the same around the world

183
Q

What were empires that were common during the 1500s?

A

the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, British, and French

184
Q

How fast were the Europeans to replace old, incorrect ideas of geography and climate worldwide?

A

they were very slow to do this

185
Q

In the 1590s, Spain and England interacted in ways that encouraged what?

A

impoverished Spanish residents to stay in Spain, and English residents to move overseas and participate in colonialism

186
Q

What blocked the Dutch from finding maritime routes to China during the 1590s?

A

frozen seas up north

187
Q

What did climate influence in European empires during the LIA?

A

it influenced how they developed

188
Q

How did the LIA affect Africa?

A

it decreased rainfall and caused a rise in drought conditions

189
Q

What region of Africa in particular received worse conditions due to the LIA?

A

the Sahel region, as it experienced less rain, leading to droughts around 1600 CE and 1800 to 1850 CE

190
Q

When during the LIA did the Sahel region of Africa have worse-than-normal droughts?

A

1600 CE and 1800 to 1850 CE

191
Q

How did the climate of China and South Asia as a whole get influenced during the LIA?

A

the LIA brought cooler temperatures to the region

192
Q

How did China develop during the LIA?

A

they managed to diversify their crops and stabilize food prices, despite social unrest

193
Q

When did China suffer social unrest during the LIA?

A

the 17th century

194
Q

Was the LIA easier or harder for the Europeans compared to the Native Americans?

A

The LIA was much easier for the Native Americans, as they had special ways to survive the tough weather

195
Q

When did the Europeans start coming into Florida?

A

the 1400s to 1600s

196
Q

What were the navies of various European empires stopped by during the 1400s to 1600s?

A

the unusual climate in the area

197
Q

How did the struggle to get to the New World during the LIA affect the colonizers’ behaviors?

A

They acted violently toward the Indigenous people there due to the struggle they had

198
Q

How did colonists get food in the New World during times of limited resources?

A

They would use force to take food supplies from the native people of the area

199
Q

How were the people in Europe during the Middle Ages?

A

very superstitious and blindly followed religion

200
Q

How did the Renaissance change the people in Europe?

A

They began to focus more on themselves and their place in the world

201
Q

What happened after the Renaissance in Europe?

A

The Scientific Revolution

202
Q

How did the Scientific Revolution change the people in Europe?

A

They began to think and understand the world in a modern, scientific way, leaving beliefs like superstition behind

203
Q

What happened after the Scientific Revolution in Europe?

A

the Enlightenment period

204
Q

What did the Enlightenment period bring?

A

It brought modern societies and democratic governments

205
Q

When was the coldest part of the LIA?

A

1560 to 1630

206
Q

What helped start Enlightenment?

A

Chaos and bad weather during the 1600s in Europe

207
Q

When during the LIA did people start to get very superstitious about weather and religion?

A

the coldest part, from 1560 to 1630

208
Q

Why were people in Europe during 1560 to 1630 so superstitious?

A

because the weather was confusing and scary

209
Q

How did Enlightenment change people’s perspectives on superstitions?

A

It lead to people relying on actual observations and experiments instead of old beliefs

210
Q

Toward the end of the LIA, how did countries improve?

A

They got better at building and organizing things, allowing them to better handle weather changes

Royal Compendium (35 decks)

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