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fjfjfj > FA Sections I & II > Flashcards

FA Sections I & II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the broadest definition of music

A

sound organized in time

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2
Q

What is required to make music?

A

a time frame, sound waves, and a cognizant mind to perceive and interpret these sounds

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3
Q

Who is the person who first imagines the music?

A

a composer

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4
Q

What is needed for music to exist?

A

some degree of human intention and perception

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5
Q

What is sound?

A

a wave of energy

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6
Q

What 2 attributes does a sound wave have?

A

amplitude and frequency

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7
Q

What attribute of a sound wave affects the decibel level?

A

the amplitude

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8
Q

The higher the amplitude of a sound, the ____________ it is.

A

louder

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9
Q

What is decibel level?

A

how loud or soft the tone is, volume

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10
Q

What attribute of a sound wave affects the pitch?

A

frequency

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11
Q

The greater frequency of a sound, the ____________ its pitch.

A

higher

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12
Q

At what frequency do humans hear sound?

A

20–20,000 cycles per second

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13
Q

What does a pure sine wave at 440 Hz sound like?

A

an A above middle C

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14
Q

What is Hz?

A

cycles per second

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15
Q

What frequency do musicians in the US tune their instruments to?

A

A–440 or 440Hz

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of musical sound?

A

pitched and non–pitched

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17
Q

What instrument type provides most of the non–pitched sounds?

A

percussion

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18
Q

What is the term for scholars who study music?

A

ethnomusicologists

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19
Q

In the late 1800s, Curt Sachs and Erich von Hornbostel categorized instruments into which 4 groups?

A

chordophones, aerophones, membranophones, and idiophones

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20
Q

What are chordophones?

A

instruments that use strings to create sound waves

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21
Q

What are aerophones?

A

instruments that use air to create sound waves

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22
Q

What are membranophones?

A

instruments that use skin or other membranes stretched across a frame that vibrates when struck

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23
Q

What are idiophones?

A

instruments whose bodies vibrate when struck

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24
Q

What was the name of the 5th category of instrument added later? (Sachs and Hornbostel)

A

electrophones

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25
Q

What are electrophones?

A

instruments that create sound waves using an oscillator and are dependent on electricity

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26
Q

Before Sachs and Hornbostel, instruments were grouped into what?

A

families

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27
Q

What are the instrument families?

A

strings, brass, woodwinds, percussion, and keyboard

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28
Q

What are woodwinds?

A

instruments that use one or two vibrating reeds, or just air, to create sounds

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29
Q

What are brass instruments?

A

metal instruments, sound is created by the buzzing lips of the performer

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30
Q

The marimba is in which instrument family?

A

percussion

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31
Q

The marimba is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

idiophones

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32
Q

The piccolo is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

aerophones

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33
Q

The piano is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

varies

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34
Q

The timpani is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

membranophones

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35
Q

The violin is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

chordophones

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36
Q

The trumpet is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

aerophones

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37
Q

The harpsichord is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

varies

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38
Q

The viola is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

chordophones

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39
Q

The bass drum is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

membranophones

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40
Q

The flute is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

aerophones

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41
Q

The trombone is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

aerophones

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42
Q

The xylophone is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

idiophones

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43
Q

The cello is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

chordophones

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44
Q

The snare drum is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

membranophones

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45
Q

The vibraphone is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

idiophones

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46
Q

The organ is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

varies

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47
Q

The French horn is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

aerophones

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48
Q

The double bass is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

chordophones

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49
Q

The celesta is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

varies

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50
Q

The bassoon is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

aerophones

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51
Q

The guitar is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

chordophones

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52
Q

The tambourine is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

membranophones

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53
Q

The tubular bells are in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

idiophones

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54
Q

The tuba is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

aerophones

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55
Q

The gongs are in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

idiophones

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56
Q

The saxophone is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

aerophones

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57
Q

The lute is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

chordophones

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58
Q

The flugelhorn is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

aerophones

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59
Q

The cymbals are in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

idiophones

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60
Q

The baritone is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

aerophones

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61
Q

The triangle is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

idiophones

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62
Q

The bugle is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

aerophone

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63
Q

The wood block is in which Sachs and Hornbostel classification?

A

idiophones

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64
Q

When did electronic instruments begin to appear?

A

the early 1900s

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65
Q

What is one of the best–known early electronic instruments?

A

the theremin

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66
Q

How is the theremin played?

A

a performer regulates frequency and amplitude using their hands by disturbing electrical fields that surround the protruding bars

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67
Q

When did electronic instruments advance a lot?

A

by the end of WWII

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68
Q

Advances in which technology had been made after WWII?

A

electronics and radio technology

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69
Q

What language is musique concrete?

A

French

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70
Q

What is musique concrete?

A

recording, mixing, and editing sounds made by live performers to fit a need

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71
Q

Why was musique concrete a French term?

A

because the first practitioners were based in Paris

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72
Q

What cities had the most famous postwar centers for electronic music?

A

Rome, Paris, Cologne, and New York City

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73
Q

A musical sound has what 4 properties?

A

pitch, duration, volume, and timbre

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74
Q

What is pitch?

A

The highness or lowness of a sound

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75
Q

What do musicians refer to when they speak of a pitch”?”

A

a single tone whose highness or lowness does not change

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76
Q

How does the pitch of a tuba compare to the pitch of a piccolo?

A

the pitch of a tuba is lower than the pitch of a piccolo

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77
Q

What is the musical term for the distance between a note and the same note that is either higher or lower than it?

A

octave

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78
Q

On a keyboard, where are higher–sounding keys located?

A

to the right

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79
Q

On a keyboard, where are lower–sounding keys located?

A

to the left

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80
Q

On the keyboard, which note is equidistant from the ends?

A

middle C

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81
Q

Moving left to right of a keyboard is called moving _________ the keyboard.

A

up

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82
Q

Moving right to left of a keyboard is called moving _________ the keyboard.

A

down

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83
Q

Black keys on the keyboard are arranged in groups of how many?

A

2 or 3

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84
Q

What is the distance between any 2 adjacent keys on the keyboard called?

A

a half–step or semitone

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85
Q

What is the distance between every other key on a keyboard called?

A

a whole step

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86
Q

What is a scale?

A

a series of pitches in ascending or descending order

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87
Q

What are the white keys on a keyboard called?

A

the natural keys

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88
Q

The natural notes span from which letters?

A

A to G, A B C D E F G

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89
Q

What do musicians assume if there is no natural sign?

A

the pitch is natural

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90
Q

The sharp and flat signs on a note indicate what?

A

the pitch has been raised or lowered a half–step

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91
Q

What symbol represents a sharp in music?

A

#

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92
Q

What symbol represents a flat in music?

A

♭

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93
Q

What does a sharp sign on a note tell a musician to do?

A

raise the note by a semitone, ex: A becomes A sharp

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94
Q

What does a flat sign on a note tell a musician to do?

A

lower the note by a semitone, ex: A becomes A flat

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95
Q

What is another name for A sharp?

A

B natural

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96
Q

What is another name for C flat?

A

B Natural

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97
Q

What is the distance between any two pitches called?

A

an interval

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98
Q

What is the smallest interval in Western music?

A

a semitone

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99
Q

Intervals can be performed so that they are ___________ or _____________.

A

harmonic, melodic

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100
Q

What are harmonic intervals?

A

intervals where the 2 pitches occur simultaneously to produce harmony

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101
Q

What are melodic intervals?

A

ascending or descending intervals

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102
Q

What is the most common scale type?

A

the major scales

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103
Q

What is the 2nd most common scale type?

A

the minor scales

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104
Q

What are the 3 types of minor scales?

A

natural (or pure) minor, harmonic minor, and melodic minor

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105
Q

What is M2 in music?

A

a whole step

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106
Q

What is m3 in music?

A

minor third

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107
Q

What is M3 in music?

A

a major third

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108
Q

What is P4 in music?

A

a perfect fourth

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109
Q

What is aug4 in music?

A

an augmented fourth

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110
Q

What is d5 in music?

A

diminished fifth

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111
Q

What is TT in music?

A

tritone

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112
Q

What is P5 in music?

A

a perfect fifth

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113
Q

What is m6 in music?

A

a minor sixth

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114
Q

What is M6 in music?

A

a major sixth

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115
Q

What is m7 in music?

A

a minor seventh

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116
Q

What is M7 in music?

A

a major seventh

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117
Q

What is P8 in music?

A

an octave

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118
Q

How many half–steps are in a semitone?

A

1

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119
Q

How many half–steps are in a whole step?

A

2

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120
Q

How many half–steps are in an octave?

A

12

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121
Q

How many half–steps are in a minor third?

A

3

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122
Q

How many half–steps are in a major seventh?

A

11

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123
Q

How many half–steps are in a minor seventh?

A

10

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124
Q

How many half–steps are in a major third?

A

4

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125
Q

How many half–steps are in a minor sixth?

A

8

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126
Q

How many half–steps are in a perfect fourth?

A

5

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127
Q

How many half–steps are in an augmented fourth?

A

6

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128
Q

How many half–steps are in a major sixth?

A

9

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129
Q

How many half–steps are in a diminished fifth?

A

6

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130
Q

How many half–steps are in a tritone?

A

6

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131
Q

How many half–steps are in a perfect 5th?

A

7

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132
Q

A lowered third scale degree is an attribute of which type of scales?

A

minor scales

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133
Q

What is a lowered third–scale degree?

A

the interval from the tonic to the 3rd pitch of the scale is a minor third

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134
Q

How is harmonic minor mode created?

A

by raising the seventh scale degree by one–half

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135
Q

How are melodic minor scales created?

A

by raising the 6th and 7th scale degrees

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136
Q

What are major and minor scales that begin and end on the same tonic pitch called?

A

parallel

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137
Q

What do scales with blues inflections combine?

A

elements of both major and minor scales

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138
Q

Which scale degrees are/can be lowered in blues scales?

A

either 3 or 7, and sometimes 5

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139
Q

What is a melody?

A

a series of successive pitches perceived by the ear to form a coherent whole

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140
Q

How many pitches occur at a time in a melody most of the time?

A

only 1

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141
Q

Why would 2 pitches occur together in a melody?

A

to form harmony or counterpoint

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142
Q

What is rhythm?

A

the way music is organized in time

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143
Q

What is beat?

A

the steady pulse that underlies most music

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144
Q

What is tempo?

A

the speed of the beat

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145
Q

Why do the Italian terms for tempo indicate mood or other expressive quantities?

A

because they predate the invention of actual timekeeping

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146
Q

What does Allegro mean?

A

cheerful

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147
Q

How should Allegro be executed as a tempo?

A

fast

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148
Q

What is the term used when the tempo slows down?

A

ritardando or rit.

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149
Q

What is the term used when the tempo speeds up?

A

accelerando or accel.

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150
Q

What is the term used when the tempo slows down or speeds up gradually?

A

poco a poco

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151
Q

What is the term used when the tempo slows down or speeds up suddenly?

A

subito

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152
Q

What is the term used for a piece with no steady tempo/discernable beat?

A

the piece is considered to be unmetered

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153
Q

What is the term used when the tempo slows down or speeds up for expressive effect?

A

rubato

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154
Q

Does the length of beats change?

A

No, they are all the same

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155
Q

Does the importance of beats change?

A

Yes, some beats are more important than others

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156
Q

What is meter in music?

A

the pattern of emphasis imposed on certain beats

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157
Q

What are the general types of meter?

A

duple, triple, quadruple, and irregular/asymmetrical

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158
Q

About how many beats per minute is Presto?

A

200 bpm

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159
Q

About how many beats per minute is Allegro?

A

120

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160
Q

About how many beats per minute is Moderato?

A

108

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161
Q

About how many beats per minute is Andante?

A

84

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162
Q

About how many beats per minute is Adagio?

A

72

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163
Q

About how many beats per minute is Lento or Grave?

A

40

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164
Q

What does Presto mean in terms of tempo?

A

very fast

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165
Q

What does Adagio mean in terms of tempo?

A

slow

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166
Q

What does Moderato mean in terms of tempo?

A

moderate

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167
Q

What does Lento/Grave mean in terms of tempo?

A

very slow

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168
Q

What does Allegro mean in terms of tempo?

A

fast

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169
Q

What does Andante mean in terms of tempo?

A

at a walking tempo”

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170
Q

What is the first beat of any measure called?

A

the downbeat or strong beat

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171
Q

What is usually the strongest beat of any measure?

A

the first beat

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172
Q

Music with groups of 2 beats, alternating as STRONG–weak–STRONG–weak, is in which meter?

A

duple meter

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173
Q

Music with groups of 3 beats, alternating as STRONG–weak–weak–STRONG–weak–weak, is in which meter?

A

triple meter

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174
Q

What is the longest note?

A

the whole note

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175
Q

What does a dot after a note indicate?

A

add half its value

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176
Q

When a flag is added to a note, what does that mean?

A

it means to divide the note’s value by 1/2

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177
Q

What does a tie in music do?

A

it adds the values of the tied notes together

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178
Q

What are symbols for silence?

A

rests

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179
Q

When does harmony occur?

A

when 2 or more tones are sounding simultaneously

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180
Q

What is a chord?

A

3 or more pitches sounding simultaneously

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181
Q

What is the key of a musical piece?

A

the set of seven notes that is set for the piece

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182
Q

If in the key signature, all the notes are in the A–scale, then what is the key?

A

the key of A

183
Q

Unless specified, what is the key of C assumed to be?

A

the key of C major

184
Q

What is form in music?

A

how music is organized on a larger scale, it is basically the architecture of music

185
Q

What is the smallest unit of form?

A

motive

186
Q

What is a motive?

A

the smallest identifiable recurring musical idea

187
Q

What is a motive that is repeated many, many times in immediate succession called?

A

an ostinato

188
Q

Ostinato comes from the Italian word for what?

A

obstinate

189
Q

What is a phrase in music?

A

a cohesive musical thought

190
Q

What is a theme in music?

A

a set of phrases that make a complete melody

191
Q

What is an Introduction in music?

A

music that precedes the first main theme of the piece

192
Q

What is a coda in music?

A

a part of the piece that wraps it up, they usually sound conclusive

193
Q

Coda is Italian for what?

A

tail

194
Q

Musical form controls what?

A

larger spans of time

195
Q

Balance, proportion, drama, climax, and denouement operate in what?

A

musical form

196
Q

What is repetition in music?

A

the repeating of music material with little variation

197
Q

What is a musical idea repeated at a different pitch level?

A

a sequence

198
Q

What are the types of sequences in music?

A

rhythmic, melodic, harmonic, or any combination of those

199
Q

When describing musical form, what are complete sections of music labeled with?

A

capital letters

200
Q

What is variation?

A

repetition with enough alteration that a listener will sense continuity and contrast

201
Q

What is art history?

A

an academic discipline dedicated to the construction of social, cultural, and economic contexts in which art was created

202
Q

What other disciplines is art history most closely related to?

A

anthropology, history, and sociology

203
Q

What is art?

A

any kind of visual material created by people or invested in special meaning/aesthetic appeal

204
Q

In the past, what would art historians usually limit their art focus on?

A

fine art

205
Q

What is fine art?

A

paintings, prints, drawings, sculpture, and architecture by an audience who also understood these as a work of art

206
Q

When did art history arise as an academic discipline?

A

the mid–18th century

207
Q

Who wrote Natural History?

A

Pliny the Elder

208
Q

When was Pliny the Elder born and when did he die?

A

23–79 CE

209
Q

Who was Pliny the Elder?

A

an ancient Roman historian

210
Q

What did Pliny the Elder seek?

A

he sought to analyze historical and contemporary art in his book Natural History

211
Q

Who wrote The Lives of the Artists?

A

Giorgio Vasari

212
Q

Who was Giorgio Vasari?

A

an artist and author

213
Q

Giorgio Vasari lived in which time period?

A

the Renaissance

214
Q

What did Giorgio Vasari do?

A

he gathered the biographies of great Italian artists and put them in his text, The Lives of the Artists

215
Q

Modern art was strongly influenced by what?

A

Eighteenth–century Enlightenment philosophy

216
Q

Through the 19th and 20th centuries, art historians developed approaches that placed more emphasis on what?

A

the interrelationship between the formal qualities of a work of art and its context

217
Q

While considering different views of art history, it is important to keep in mind there will be a lot of inevitable ________.

A

bias

218
Q

Traditional art history was largely focused on which group of people?

A

white men

219
Q

What are the formal qualities of art? (definition)

A

the basic visual components of a work of art

220
Q

The line, shape, form, space, color, and texture are all examples of what in art?

A

formal qualities or art elements

221
Q

What is the most basic of the art elements?

A

the line

222
Q

What is a line?

A

the path of a point moving through space

223
Q

What are the main characteristics of a line?

A

length, width, and direction

224
Q

What do artists use lines for?

A

to express ideas or feelings visually

225
Q

Vertical lines cause the eye to do what?

A

move upward

226
Q

Why were medieval churches made with very high arched ceilings?

A

to raise the eyes of the people toward heaven to promote a feeling of spiritual awe

227
Q

Horizontal lines create what feelings?

A

feelings of peace and tranquility

228
Q

Curved and jagged lines create what feeling?

A

a feeling of activity

229
Q

In which mediums is the use of lines most noticeable?

A

drawings and some forms of printmaking

230
Q

What is shape in art?

A

the area that defines a 2D figure

231
Q

What are forms in art?

A

the 3D objects

232
Q

All 3D objects have which 3 attributes?

A

length, width, and height

233
Q

Is a cube a shape or a form?

A

a form

234
Q

Is a square a shape or a form?

A

a shape

235
Q

Is a triangle a shape or a form?

A

a shape

236
Q

Is a pyramid a shape or a form?

A

a form

237
Q

Is a cone a shape or a form?

A

a form

238
Q

What are the 2 types of shapes and forms?

A

geometric and organic

239
Q

What is geometric form/shape?

A

a form or shape that can be defined mathematically, ex circles, squares, cubes, etc

240
Q

What is organic form/shape?

A

a form or shape that is irregular and freeform

241
Q

What feelings do geometric shapes or forms create?

A

order and stability

242
Q

What feelings do organic shapes or forms create?

A

movement and rhythm

243
Q

What is space? (definition)

A

an element of art, the organization of objects and the areas around them

244
Q

What are the 2 types of space?

A

positive and negative space

245
Q

What is positive space?

A

space that is occupied

246
Q

What is negative space?

A

the area around positive space, it is basically empty space

247
Q

What are the 2 main types of sculpture?

A

freestanding and relief

248
Q

What is a relief sculpture?

A

a sculpture that projects off of another surface

249
Q

What are the 2 types of relief sculptures?

A

high–relief and bas–relief (low–relief)

250
Q

What are high–relief sculptures?

A

sculptures that project boldly from a surface

251
Q

What are low–relief sculptures?

A

sculptures that project only a little from a surface

252
Q

What is perspective?

A

the illusion of depth

253
Q

What are contours?

A

visible borders

254
Q

What does putting objects higher on the picture plane make it seem like?

A

it makes it seem like it is farther away

255
Q

What does putting objects lower on the picture plane make it seem like?

A

it makes it seem like it is closer to the viewer

256
Q

What is aerial perspective?

A

a technique that takes fog, smoke, and airborne particles and how they impact the appearance of things when they are viewed from a distance

257
Q

What is linear perspective?

A

when lines recede into the distance and look like they converge and eventually vanish

258
Q

The white and black checkerboard was a frequent feature at which time period?

A

during the Renaissance, specifically used in interior paintings

259
Q

What is hue?

A

the name of the color

260
Q

What are the primary colors?

A

red, blue, and yellow

261
Q

All pigment colors are formed from which group of colors?

A

the primary colors

262
Q

How are secondary colors formed?

A

through the combining of 2 primary colors

263
Q

What makes orange?

A

red and yellow

264
Q

What makes green?

A

yellow and blue

265
Q

What makes violet?

A

blue and red

266
Q

How are tertiary colors formed?

A

by combining one primary color with its adjacent secondary color

267
Q

How many tertiary colors are there?

A

6

268
Q

Red and violet mix together to create which color?

A

red–violet

269
Q

Blue and violet mix together to create which color?

A

violet–blue

270
Q

Blue and green mix together to create which color?

A

blue–green

271
Q

Green and yellow mix together to create which color?

A

yellow–green

272
Q

Yellow and orange mix together to create which color?

A

yellow–orange

273
Q

Orange and red mix together to create which color?

A

red–orange

274
Q

What are all the tertiary colors?

A

red–violet, violet–blue, blue–green, yellow–green, yellow–orange, and red–orange

275
Q

What is the color wheel?

A

the organization of hues into a visual scheme

276
Q

When is the color wheel dated back to?

A

the 18th century

277
Q

Who created the underlying concepts for the color wheel and when were these created?

A

Sir Isaac Newton in the 17th century

278
Q

What is value in art?

A

the lightness or darkness of a color

279
Q

In mixing colors, how do artists make a lighter version of a hue?

A

they combine it with white

280
Q

In mixing colors, how do artists make a darker version of a hue?

A

they combine it with black

281
Q

What colors are not hues?

A

black, white, and gray

282
Q

What type of color is black, white, and gray?

A

they are neutrals

283
Q

What does mixing black and white create?

A

gray

284
Q

What is intensity?

A

the brightness or pureness of a color

285
Q

What are the most intense colors?

A

the unmixed primary colors

286
Q

What happens when pure colors are mixed?

A

they become less intense

287
Q

When was the relativity of color discovered?

A

in the 19th century

288
Q

What is the relativity of color?

A

a given shade of color will look brighter or darker, more or less intense, etc. depending on the colors next to it

289
Q

Do colors have a fixed value?

A

no

290
Q

In discussing art, the color associations with warm and cool colors are ________________ constructed.

A

culturally

291
Q

In Western art, what are the warm colors?

A

red, orange, and yellow

292
Q

What do we associate warm colors with?

A

the warmth of the Sun, the heat of a fire, and the dry grass of a late summer

293
Q

In Western art, what are the cool colors?

A

green, blue, and violet

294
Q

What do we associate cool colors with?

A

cool forests, mountain lakes, and snow

295
Q

How do warm colors appear in the context of distance in artworks?

A

they appear to advance toward the viewer

296
Q

How do cool colors appear in the context of distance in artworks?

A

they appear to recede away from the viewer

297
Q

In artworks, what 3 appearances can colors have?

A

local, arbitrary, or optical

298
Q

What are local colors?

A

the true color of an object, ex: a grassy field is colored green

299
Q

What are arbitrary colors?

A

colors used for their aesthetic or emotional impact

300
Q

What are optical colors?

A

the effect that certain lighting has on the color of objects, for example, how colors change in artificial lighting compared to natural lighting

301
Q

In which centuries have arbitrary color schemes become more popular?

A

the 20th and 21st centuries

302
Q

What is texture?

A

how things feel or how we think they would feel if touched

303
Q

In art, what are the two types of texture used in artwork?

A

actual and visual texture

304
Q

What are actual textures?

A

real textures you can feel and touch

305
Q

In which artworks are actual textures the most common?

A

3D artworks

306
Q

In which artworks are visual textures the most common?

A

2D artworks

307
Q

What are visual textures?

A

the illusion of a textured surface

308
Q

The contrast of light and dark creates what kind of texture?

A

a rough texture

309
Q

The absence of the contrast of light and dark creates what kind of texture?

A

a smooth texture

310
Q

What is composition in art?

A

the artist’s organization of the elements of art

311
Q

What does composition refer to in the context of a painting?

A

it is the arrangement of elements on a picture plane

312
Q

What does composition refer to in the context of architecture?

A

the organization of elements in space

313
Q

What is rhythm in art?

A

the principle with movement or pattern

314
Q

How do artists create a sense of rhythm in their artworks?

A

through the repetition of elements such as line, shape, color, and texture

315
Q

How do artists direct the movement of our eye when looking at the piece?

A

by repeating elements

316
Q

What are the 2 two aspects of repetition in art?

A

motif and patter

317
Q

What is motif in art?

A

a single of a pattern

318
Q

What is a pattern in art?

A

the repetition of certain elements or motifs in a work of art

319
Q

What is balance in art?

A

the equal distribution of visual weight in a work of art

320
Q

What is the easiest form of balance to comprehend?

A

symmetrical balance

321
Q

What is symmetrical balance?

A

when the elements of the piece are repeated on both sides of the central axis, the two sides are symmetrical

322
Q

What is the main reason people use approximate symmetrical balance?

A

to avoid the rigidity and monotony that may accompany symmetrical balance

323
Q

What is approximate symmetrical balance?

A

where elements are slightly varied, but it is approximately symmetrical

324
Q

What is asymmetrical balance?

A

visual balance, the organization of unlike objects

325
Q

Contrast of color, value, shape, size, line, or texture creates what?

A

interest to the eye

326
Q

What is a focal point in an art piece?

A

the area where the eye tends to rest, seems more important, more dominant than the rest of the work

327
Q

Where is the focal point usually located?

A

an element that contrasts the rest of the composition

328
Q

What is proportion in art?

A

the size relationships with the parts of the composition

329
Q

The vast scale of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel creates what sensation?

A

a sense of awe

330
Q

What type of medium are 2D art processes and techniques created on?

A

a flat plane

331
Q

A flat plane has which 2 attributes?

A

height and width

332
Q

What is the most basic of the art processes?

A

drawing

333
Q

The earliest artists used what kind of medium to draw on?

A

their rock walls

334
Q

When did color pastels become popular?

A

in the 1700s

335
Q

What are color pastels particularly popular for?

A

making portraits

336
Q

What is the surface of a pastel drawing usually sprayed with to reduce the risk of smearing?

A

a fixative

337
Q

What is printmaking?

A

mechanically aided 2D processes that permit the production of multiple original artworks

338
Q

What are the 4 main types of printmaking?

A

relief prints, intaglio prints, lithographs, and screen prints

339
Q

What type of printmaking is most familiar to us?

A

screen prints

340
Q

What are screen prints?

A

when a photograph is transferred to a fabric that has been stretched on a frame, used to make T–Shirts

341
Q

Why is the cost of prints made from printmaking much cheaper than a painting?

A

because printmaking creates multiple original copies, decreasing the price of them all

342
Q

When was the printing press developed?

A

in the 15th century

343
Q

What materials usually make up paint?

A

pigments, binders, and solvents

344
Q

What is a pigment?

A

a finely ground colored material that gives the paint its color

345
Q

What is a binder?

A

a substance that holds the pigment together

346
Q

What is a solvent?

A

a liquid added to change the consistency of the pain or alter its drying time

347
Q

What are the 4 steps to creating a sculpture?

A
  1. carving
  2. modeling
  3. casting
  4. construction
348
Q

Venus de Milo or Michelangelo’s Pieta are all examples of what type of sculpture?

A

freestanding sculpture

349
Q

What is architecture?

A

the art and science of designing and constructing buildings

350
Q

What are architects?

A

specialists in designing structures

351
Q

What is post–and–lintel construction?

A

long stone or wooden beam is placed horizontally on top of vertical beams

352
Q

The Greek Parthenon is an example of what type of construction?

A

post–and–lintel construction

353
Q

What are the 3 key developments in architecture?

A

the arch, the vault, and the dome

354
Q

What did the arch, the vault, and the dome allow for?

A

greater height and more interior space

355
Q

What type of construction is the Colosseum?

A

vaulted construction

356
Q

Where is the Colosseum?

A

Rome

357
Q

Which civilization developed concrete as a building material?

A

the Romans

358
Q

What are flying buttresses?

A

external arches that counterbalanced the outward thrust of the high, vaulted ceilings

359
Q

When was the Crystal Palace built?

A

1851

360
Q

Why was the Crystal Palace built?

A

for the World’s fair in London

361
Q

What is the Eiffel Tower made of?

A

wrought iron

362
Q

Where did Antonio Gaudi create all of his buildings?

A

Spain

363
Q

What was unique about Gaudi’s buildings?

A

they didn’t have any flat surfaces or straight lines, they had a very organic appearance

364
Q

Land is the source of what for artistic production?

A

the material

365
Q

In which time period did depictions of land in paintings become more important?

A

during the Modern era

366
Q

Which artists were the first to feature land depictions as the main subject of a painting?

A

Dutch artists

367
Q

When were land depictions starting to be featured as the main subject of paintings?

A

the 1700s

368
Q

In the US, early landscape paintings of the West were harnessed to what?

A

Manifest Destiny

369
Q

What is Manifest Destiny?

A

the 19th–century cultural belief that American settlers were destined to take the land from the east to the west

370
Q

The more contemporary artworks discussed here don’t reject the history of the landscape, but do what?

A

re–engage it within the framework of urgent political and environmental issues

371
Q

Euro–American landscape tradition in painting often highlighted which landscapes?

A

beautiful or picturesque landscapes

372
Q

What is picturesque?

A

a view worthy of being seen and appreciated

373
Q

When did the term Native American rise in popularity?

A

the 60s and 70s

374
Q

What term is commonly used in Canada to describe indigenous people?

A

First Nations

375
Q

What 2 groups specifically does the term First Nations not include?

A

the Metis nor the Inuit

376
Q

What does the term Aboriginal mean?

A

the first inhabitants of a territory

377
Q

Where does the term Indian to describe native people originate from?

A

Christopher Columbus’s mistaken impression he landed in South Asia

378
Q

Where and when was Allora born?

A

Philadelphia, PA in 1974

379
Q

Which two people make up the Allora & Calzadilla group?

A

Jennifer Allora and Guillermo Calzadilla

380
Q

Which 3 places was Allora educated? (higher education)

A

University of Richmond, MIT, and the Independent Study Program at NY’s Whitney American Art Museum

381
Q

Where and when was Calzadilla born?

A

Havana, Cuba in 1971

382
Q

Where was Calzadilla educated?

A

Escuela de Artes Plasticas y Diseño de Puerto Rico, Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, and Bard College

383
Q

Where did Allora and Calzadilla first meet?

A

Florence, Italy

384
Q

When did Allora and Calzadilla first meet?

A

1995

385
Q

Why were Allora and Calzadilla in Italy when they first met?

A

they were studying abroad

386
Q

Where do Allora and Calzadilla live/work today?

A

San Juan, Puerto Rico

387
Q

Land Mark is part of an extended series of artworks that Allora and Calzadilla have created on what?

A

the land use on the island of Vieques, Puerto Rico

388
Q

Who made Land Mark?

A

Allora and Calzadilla

389
Q

When did the US military take possession of the Island of Vieques?

A

during WWII

390
Q

Why did the US military take possession of Vieques during WWII?

A

to use as a location to store and test weapons

391
Q

When did the civil disobedience campaign against the US’s use of Vieques begin?

A

the 1970s

392
Q

Who led the civil disobedience campaign against the US’s use of Vieques?

A

members of the Vieques Fisherman’s Association

393
Q

Why were people protesting against the US’s use of Vieques?

A

because the residents’ lives had been disrupted and the environment there was harmed

394
Q

When/why did the tension against the US at Vieques increase?

A

April 19, 1999, when a security guard was killed when a pilot accidentally dropped 500 pounds of bombs on him

395
Q

What happened on April 19, 1999, at Vieques?

A

a security guard was killed after a pilot accidentally dropped 500 pounds of bombs on David Sanes Rodriguez, killing him instantly, 4 others were injured as well

396
Q

When did Allora and Calzadilla start making artworks to raise awareness about Vieques?

A

1999

397
Q

What was on the soles of the shoes of the people who trespassed on a site to protest against the use of Vieques?

A

messages against the military occupation of Vieques

398
Q

When did the US begin to close the site at Vieques?

A

2001

399
Q

When did the US officially close the military site at Vieques?

A

2003

400
Q

Who made The Fourth World?

A

Kent Monkman

401
Q

When was The Fourth World made?

A

2012

402
Q

When was Kent Monkman born?

A

1965

403
Q

Where was Kent Monkman born?

A

St. Mary’s, Ontario, Canada

404
Q

What type of artist does Monkman identify as?

A

a Cree artist

405
Q

What Cree organization is Monkman a member of?

A

the Fisher River Cree Nation

406
Q

What do Monkman’s artworks address?

A

histories of colonization and Indigenous culture

407
Q

What is appropriation?

A

an artistic technique in which one artist strategically uses the form of another artwork to give it new meaning

408
Q

When did the term appropriation begin to be commonly used?

A

in the 1980s

409
Q

In Monkman’s Fourth World, what are the 2 well–known artistic traditions that are cited?

A

the 19th–century American Romantic landscape painting and the 20th–century site–specific sculpture

410
Q

What is the setting for The Fourth World?

A

Yosemite, specifically Yosemite Falls

411
Q

The depiction of the waterfall in The Fourth World is from which other painting?

A

Cho–looke, the Yosemite Fall, from 1864

412
Q

Who created Cho–looke?

A

Albert Bierstadt

413
Q

Where was Albert Bierstadt born?

A

Germany

414
Q

Where was Albert Bierstadt raised?

A

the US

415
Q

Bierstadt was part of an important group of Americans who traveled the western US doing what?

A

painting dramatic vistas of mountains and waterfalls

416
Q

What was the California genocide?

A

a massacre of Indigenous populations in the US due to the creation of national parks, in the 19th century

417
Q

What are the men in Monkman’s The Fourth World doing?

A

playing Indian”, or performing their own appropriation of Indigenous cultural practices for personal enjoyment”

418
Q

Who introduced the horse to America?

A

European colonists

419
Q

When was the horse introduced to North America?

A

the early 16th century

420
Q

Who made Battle for the Woodlands?

A

Bonnie Devine

421
Q

When was Battle for the Woodlands created?

A

2014–2015

422
Q

Where/when was Bonnie Devine born?

A

Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1952

423
Q

What did Devine earn a masters in?

A

fine art (MFA)

424
Q

Where did Devine earn her MFA?

A

York University

425
Q

When did Devine earn her MFA?

A

1999

426
Q

Where did Devine study art?

A

Ontario College of Art and Design University (OCAD)

427
Q

Since when has Devine taught at OCAD?

A

2008

428
Q

Since when has Devine served as Founding Chair of OCAD’s Indigenous Visual Culture Program?

A

2008

429
Q

Devine created Battle for the Woodlands for it to be displayed where?

A

in its own room in the Art Gallery of Ontario

430
Q

What indigenous group is Will Wilson from?

A

he is Navajo

431
Q

Where did Wilson spend the early years of his life?

A

the Dinetah

432
Q

What is the Dinetah?

A

the traditional homeland of the Navajo people

433
Q

What is the Dinetah called under US law?

A

the Navajo Nation

434
Q

What did Wilson study at Oberlin College?

A

photography, sculpture, and art history

435
Q

What did Wilson earn a bachelor’s degree in?

A

art and art History

436
Q

When did Wilson earn his bachelor’s degree

A

1993

437
Q

Where did Wilson earn his MFA?

A

University of New Mexico

438
Q

When did Wilson earn his MFA?

A

2002

439
Q

What is Wilson’s current profession?

A

he is a professor of art

440
Q

Where does Wilson teach?

A

UT

441
Q

Who made Church Rock Spill Evaporation Ponds?

A

Will Wilson

442
Q

What series is Church Rock Spill Evaporation Ponds a part of?

A

a photographic series called Survey

443
Q

What does Wilson take pictures of in his photographic series Survey?

A

contaminated lands within and on the border of Dinetah

444
Q

What caused the lands on the border/near Dinetah to be so polluted?

A

extraction activities carried out by the US government and other American companies during the 1940s to the 1980s

445
Q

During the 1940s to the 1980s, how much uranium was extracted from mines on the Dinetah?

A

roughly 4 million tons of uranium ore

446
Q

Church Rock Spill is what kind of view? (where is the shot taken from)

A

it is an aerial view

447
Q

What is an aerial view?

A

a view from the sky or above

448
Q

What is the main subject of Church Rock Spill?

A

2 ponds that were used to evaporate water contaminated with tailings

449
Q

What are tailings?

A

radioactive waste production leftover from uranium mining, it contains heavy metals and radium

450
Q

What is the largest radioactive spill?

A

the spill from Church Rock into the Puerco River

451
Q

How many gallons of radioactive liquid spilled into the Puerco River in the largest radioactive spill?

A

93 million gallons

452
Q

What caused the largest radioactive spill in the US?

A

the breach of the dam at Church Rock

453
Q

When did the largest radioactive spill in the US occur?

A

July 16, 1979

454
Q

Why were desert ecosystems popular for testing toxic activities?

A

because of the perception that they were not very populated

fjfjfj (29 decks)

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