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FA Section VII Flashcards

1
Q

Is it possible to know when humans first became aware of the need to protect the environment?

A

No, but evidence for this concern can be found dating back centuries

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2
Q

Hippocrates was nicknamed: “The Father of ____________”

A

Medicine

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3
Q

Who stated “The goal of life is living in agreement with nature” in 450 CE?

A

Ancient Greek philosopher Zeno

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4
Q

Ancient Greek philosopher Zeno stated this in 450 CE. “The goal of life is living in agreement with ___________”

A

nature

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5
Q

When did Ancient Greek philosopher Zeno state this: “The goal of life is living in agreement with nature.”?

A

450 CE

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6
Q

What is “De aere, aquis, et locis” in English?

A

“Air, Waters, and Places”

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7
Q

Who wrote the oldest surviving European study of human ecology?

A

Hippocrates

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8
Q

Who wrote “De aere, aquis, et locis”?

A

Hippocrates

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9
Q

What is ecology?

A

a field of biology that examines the relationships between organisms and their environment

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10
Q

Which British monarch banned the burning of coal in London in 1306?

A

King Edward I

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11
Q

Why did King Edward I ban the burning of coal in London in 1306?

A

he banned it due to the noxious smoke it produced

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12
Q

When did England pass its “Clean Air Act”?

A

1956

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13
Q

When did the US pass its “Clean Air Act”?

A

1963

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14
Q

When did the US strengthen its “Clean Air Act”?

A

1970

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15
Q

What did Ralph Waldo Emerson’s “Nature” propose?

A

it proposed limits on how much humanity should expand into the wilderness

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16
Q

When did John Muir begin publishing essays about the Sierra Nevada mountain range?

A

1872

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17
Q

What did John Muir’s essays about the Sierra Nevada mountain range lead to?

A

the foundation of the Sierra Club in 1892

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18
Q

When was the Sierra Club founded?

A

1892

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19
Q

When was Yellowstone National Park founded?

A

1872

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20
Q

When was Sequoia National Park founded?

A

1890

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21
Q

Who wrote “Silent Spring”?

A

Rachel Carson

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22
Q

When was “Silent Spring” published?

A

1962

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23
Q

“Silent Spring” documents the horrific effects of which chemical pesticide?

A

DDT

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24
Q

What committee supported the claims Carson made about DDT in “Silent Spring”?

A

the President’s Science Advisory Committee

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25
Q

Who devised the ecology symbol?

A

Ron Cobb

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26
Q

When was the ecology symbol devised?

A

1969

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27
Q

Which US Senator wanted to promote a series of informal lectures on college campuses to raise environmental awareness?

A

US Senator Gaylord Nelson

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28
Q

Who suggested the term “Earth Day”?

A

Julien Koenig

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29
Q

What day is Earth Day?

A

April 22nd

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30
Q

When was the first Earth Day?

A

April 22, 1970

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31
Q

Which magazine published the ecology flag?

A

Look Magazine

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32
Q

How was the date for Earth Day chosen?

A

it was chosen after the birthday of Julien Koenig, the person who came up with the idea

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33
Q

What is Joni Mitchell’s real name?

A

Roberta Joan Anderson

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34
Q

What name did Joni Mitchell use until high school?

A

she used her middle name

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35
Q

Where did Joni Mitchell grow up?

A

Canada

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36
Q

When did Joni Mitchell enter high school?

A

1957

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37
Q

When did Joni Mitchell adopt the nickname “Joni”?

A

when she reached high school

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38
Q

How did Joni Mitchell get her surname?

A

from her brief marriage to folk singer Chuck Mitchell

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39
Q

What were Joni’s earliest interests?

A

painting and poetry

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40
Q

When did Joni begin performing folk music?

A

1963

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41
Q

Early on, Joni felt music was what?

A

“just a hobby” and did not think she would take it further than that

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42
Q

What did it take for Joni to be spurred into songwriting?

A

an unplanned pregnancy (she later gave the baby up for adoption)

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43
Q

Joni giving up her firstborn for adoption increased her need to do what?

A

to write music

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44
Q

To capitalize on her growing songwriting expertise, what did Joni set up for herself?

A

a publishing company

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45
Q

What was the name of Joni’s first publishing company?

A

Siquomb Publishing

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46
Q

Siquomb in Siquomb Publishing is an acronym for what?

A

“She Is Queen Undisputedly of Mind Beauty”

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47
Q

When did Joni release “Song to a Seagull”?

A

1968

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48
Q

After Joni released “Song to a Seagull” after moving to where?

A

LA

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49
Q

What did the Rolling Stone call “Song to a Seagull”?

A

“a good debut”

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50
Q

Joni followed “Song to a Seagull” with what the next year?

A

“Clouds”

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51
Q

What spot did the “Clouds” rise to on the Billboard charts?

A

no. 31

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52
Q

“Clouds” gave Joni her first ______________ award.

A

Grammy

53
Q

What was Joni’s first Grammy for?

A

“Best Folk Performance”

54
Q

Joni’s “Ladies of the Canyon” referred to what?

A

Laurel Canyon

55
Q

What is Laurel Canyon?

A

a bohemian neighborhood in Southern California Joni settled in 1969

56
Q

When did Joni move to Laurel Canyon?

A

1969

57
Q

What spot did “Ladies of the Canyon” reach in the US?

A

No. 27

58
Q

What spot did “Ladies of the Canyon” reach in Great Britain?

A

No. 8

59
Q

Which one of the tracks in “Ladies of the Canyon” is used in the Fine Arts Pentathlon Music Selection?

A

the track “Big Yellow Taxi”

60
Q

What spot did “Big Yellow Taxi” reach on the US Billboard chart?

A

No. 67

61
Q

What spot did “Big Yellow Taxi” reach in Great Britain?

A

No. 11

62
Q

Where did “Big Yellow Taxi” go gold?

A

the UK

63
Q

What does it mean for a song to go gold?

A

it means that it sold a million copies

64
Q

Melody Maker was the lead music magazine in which country?

A

Great Britain

65
Q

What UK magazine named Joni the top female performer of the year before?

A

Melody Maker

66
Q

Where did inspiration for the song “Big Yellow Taxi” come from?

A

her stay in Hawaii

67
Q

The Royal Hawaiian Resort has hosted guests since when?

A

1927

68
Q

Where did the inspiration for the lyric “They paved paradise and put in a parking lot” come from in the song “Big Yellow Taxi”?

A

a parking lot she saw that Joni was placed right in paradise

69
Q

Sugarloaf Mountain is on which Hawaiian mountain?

A

the island of Maui

70
Q

The “pink hotel” used in the song “Big Yellow Taxi” refers to what hotel?

A

the Royal Hawaiian Resort

71
Q

Where did Joni get “tree museum” in “Big Yellow Taxi” from?

A

she got it when she was charged an entrance fee to see trees at the Foster Botanical Garden in Honolulu

72
Q

Joni wrote the song “Big Yellow Taxi” 2 years before what chemical pesticide was banned?

A

DDT

73
Q

Joni references which chemical pesticide in “Big Yellow Taxi”?

A

DDT

74
Q

When does Joni actually reference the big yellow taxi in “Big Yellow Taxi”?

A

she references it in the last verse

75
Q

What type of music is “Big Yellow Taxi” and why?

A

it is considered “Ecology rock n roll” due to its upbeat style and environmental topics

76
Q

How was Joni being influenced by rock n roll music before making “Big Yellow Taxi”?

A

because most of her friends listened/made that kind of music

77
Q

What type of guitar did Joni use in the recording of “Big Yellow Taxi”?

A

she used an acoustic guitar, not an electric guitar as is typical in rock n roll music

78
Q

What is bop vocaal singing?

A

singing using nonsense syllables as a beat

79
Q

How did Joni make the track for “Big Yellow Taxi” by herself?

A

by using multitracking

80
Q

What is multitracking?

A

the assembling of several recordings and combining them to play simultaneously

81
Q

When did Joni release a live version of “Big Yellow Taxi”?

A

1974

82
Q

Joni released a live version of “Big Yellow Taxi” on which of her albums?

A

“Miles of Aisles”

83
Q

The live version of “Big Yellow Taxi” added which instrument as a solo?

A

the saxophone

84
Q

How did the live version of “Big Yellow Taxi” compare to the studio/original one?

A

the live version did better on the Billboard charts

85
Q

What spot did the live version of “Big Yellow Taxi” get on the Billboard charts?

A

No. 24

86
Q

What record company released a CD with several different versions of “Big Yellow Taxi” in 1995?

A

Reprise Records

87
Q

When did Reprise Records release a CD with several different versions of “Big Yellow Taxi”?

A

1995

88
Q

The CD with the different mixes of “Big Yellow Taxi” put Joni on what chart?

A

the Billboard dance music charts

89
Q

What is a cover? (of a song)

A

a recording or performance of a piece by someone other than the person who created the work

90
Q

In 1996, BMI gave Joni a certificate that verified what?

A

“Big Yellow Taxi” has had over 1 million licensed performances

91
Q

Did everyone think environmental messages and themes were entertainment material?

A

No

92
Q

When Marvin Gaye wanted to make environmental protest songs in the 70s, how did his producer respond?

A

his producer, head of Motown Records, Berry Gordy Jr. said this: “Why do you want to ruin your career?”

93
Q

When was Motown Records founded?

A

1959

94
Q

Who founded Motown Records?

A

Berry Gordy Jr.

95
Q

Where was Motown Records founded?

A

Detroit, MI

96
Q

What was the initial name of Motown Records?

A

Tamla Records

97
Q

When was Tamla Records renamed to Motown Records?

A

1960

98
Q

Why was the name Motown chosen for Motown Records?

A

as a tribute to “Motor City”

99
Q

Motor City is a nickname for what city?

A

Detroit

100
Q

Gordy had worked for which automobile company when he was younger?

A

Ford

101
Q

Motown Records specialized in what genre of music?

A

R&B

102
Q

When did Marvin Gaye die?

A

1984

103
Q

How did Marvin Gaye die?

A

in a shooting death, caused by a quarrel between him and his father

104
Q

Who did Gaye marry?

A

Anna Gordy, Gordy’s sister

105
Q

When did Gaye get married?

A

1963

106
Q

How old was Gaye and how old was Anna when they got married to each other?

A

Gaye was 20 and Anna was 37

107
Q

When was “How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)” released?

A

1964

108
Q

When was “I Heard It Through the Grapevine” released?

A

1968

109
Q

What song by Marvin Gaye became Motown’s biggest hit?

A

“I Heard It Through the Grapevine”

110
Q

How long did “I Heard It Through the Grapevine” stay on the top of the pop singles chart?

A

7 weeks

111
Q

How long did Gordy block the release of “I Heard It Through the Grapevine” for?

A

1 year

112
Q

Why did Gordy block the piece “What’s Going On” by Gaye?

A

because it was an environmental protest piece and didn’t fit with Motown’s regular practices

113
Q

Did Gordy know of the release of “What’s Going On”?

A

No, the other executives at Motown decided to release it while he was out of town

114
Q

When was “What’s Going On” released? (month and year)

A

Jan. 1971

115
Q

Within one day, how many orders did “What’s Going On” receive?

A

100000

116
Q

Within one day of its release, what spot did “What’s Going On” receive on the Billboard pop chart?

A

No. 2

117
Q

After the success of the single “What’s Going On”, what album did Gaye make?

A

the album “What’s Going On”

118
Q

When was the album “What’s Going On” released?

A

May 21, 1971

119
Q

What spot did “Inner City Blues” reach on the Billboard pop charts?

A

No. 9 in Sept. 1971

120
Q

What spot did “Mercy, Mercy Me” reach on the Billboard top 100?

A

No. 4

121
Q

What spot did “Inner City Blues” and “Mercy, Mercy Me” reach on the R&B charts?

A

No. 1

122
Q

How many combined sales did “Mercy, Mercy Me” and “Inner City Blues” get?

A

4 million

123
Q

“Mercy, Mercy Me” was the only song on its album “What’s Going On” to be what?

A

written solely by Gaye

124
Q

What song by Gaye did he use the Mellotron?

A

“Mercy, Mercy Me”

125
Q

When in “Mercy, Mercy Me” did Gaye use the Mellotron?

A

during the coda

126
Q

What is the Mellotron?

A

an early electronic keyboard instrument

127
Q

When was the Mellotron manufactured?

A

from 1964-1986

128
Q

When was “Mercy, Mercy Me” inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame?

A

2002

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