Neurotransmitters/channels/receptors

Question 1

What is glutamate the precursor to?

Answer 1

GABA

Question 2

What is glutamate (the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain) thought to be very important in?

Answer 2

Learning and memory

Question 3

What is the theory of excitotoxicity?

Answer 3

Excessive glutamate lead to excessive intracellular calcium and NO concentrations and cell death

Question 4

See Raphe’s substantial dopy blue NEs

Answer 4

1. Serotonin-Raphe
2. Substantia nigra-dopamine
3. Locus ceruleous- norepinephrine

Question 5

Where are Noradrenergic neurons found primarily and what do they do?

Answer 5

Locus ceruleus, stimulation of the locus ceruleus increases anxiety and ablation of the locus ceruleus blocks anxiety response

Question 6

7 transmembrane-domaine receptor requires what to open ion channels? What is on the outside and what is on the side?

Answer 6

• G protein

- NH2 outside and COOH intracellular

Question 7

What type of receptor do NGF and BDNF use?

Answer 7

Tyrosine kinase receptor

Question 8

Can hormones and steroids diffuse into a neuron and bind to cytoplasmic receptors whose effects carry to the nucleus and regulate gene expression?

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

Is the channel in ligand-gated ion channel receptors built into the complex that binds the ligand?

Answer 9

Yes

Question 10

Decreased levels of what in CSF have been linked to higher levels of aggression?

Answer 10

Serotonin (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid)

Question 11

In general what has been shown to promote aggression and what has seen to inhibit it?

Answer 11

Promote: dop
Inhibit: NE, serotonin, GABA

Question 12

Where is acetylcholine made?

Answer 12

Nucleus basalis of Meynert

Question 13

What are the six biogenic amine neurotransmitters?

Answer 13

• dopamine
• epinephrine
• norepinephrine
• histamine
• serotonin
• acetylcholine

Question 14

What is the precursor for dopamine, NE, epinephrine?

Answer 14

tyrosine

Question 15

What are the secondary messengers?

Answer 15

IP3(relase of intracellular calcium from ER), cGMP, Ca2+(excess CA is linked to production of NO and cell death through excociticity), cAMP, DAG, NO and CO

Question 16

Glatamate receptors

Answer 16

AMPA, NMDA, Kainate

Question 17

NE which receptros

Answer 17

Alpha 1, alpha2, beta receptors

Question 18

serotonin which receptros

Answer 18

5HT

Question 19

Gaba which receptors

Answer 19

GABA

Question 20

Opiods receptor

Answer 20

mew

delta

Question 21

buspirone

Answer 21

serotonin 1A agonist or partial agonist
2-3 weeks to be therapeutic 
max dose 60 
- can increase levels of haldol 
- buspar levels are increased by nefazodone, erythromycin, itraconazole, grapefruit juice by inhibition of CYP3A4

Question 22

Excitatory neurotransmitter open what type of channels and what happens

Answer 22

cation channels that depolarize the cell membrane and increase the likeihood of generating an action potential

Question 23

WHen a neuron is at rest the sodium ions and chloride ions are more prevalent where ?

Answer 23

outside the cell
potassium on inside
when at rest neuron more negatively charged on the inside
3 sodium out and 2 potassium in

when reaches certain voltage sodium rushes in–>becomes more positive-depolarization then it shuts then potassium comes out –>hyperpolarization
- repolarization- sodium channels inactive

Question 24

Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the presynaptic neuron, what are their synthesis and release mediated by?

Answer 24

Ca2+ influx

Question 25

During an action potential the first ion channel to open is sodium then what channel opens?

Answer 25

Ca, allowing more positively charged ions to enter and contribute to the action potetential - calcium ions critical to release of neurotransmitter - activate opening of potassium ion channels that then put stop to action potential through hyperpolization of the membrane

Question 26

Is the GABA receptor a chloride ion channel

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

Diminished what plays a role in suicidal behavior?

Answer 27

low CSF 5-HIAA

Question 28

Glycine

Answer 28

necessary adjunctive neurotransmitter at the NMDA receptor that binds with glutamate - also an independent inhibitory neurotransmitter with its own receptors that open chloride ion channels - mutations-->hyperekplexia-exggerated startle response

Question 29

what is the rate limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis

Answer 29

tyrosine hydroxylase | l-tyrosine to l-dopa

Question 30

norepinephrine synthesis

Answer 30

dopamine b hydroxylase converts dopamine to norepinephrine

Question 31

GABA receptor

Answer 31

when GABA receptor is occupied by an agonist there is a rapid influx of negatively charged chloride ions

Question 32

GABA-A

Answer 32

alcohol, barbituates, benzos

Question 33

GABA-B

Answer 33

- sodium oxybate (date rape_ used for cataplexy and narcolepsy) - lioresal- antipasticity agent

Question 34

what does NMDA receptor allow to pass through?

Answer 34

calcium, potassium, sodium

Question 35

when does nmda receptor open

Answer 35

when it is bound by 2 glutamate and one glycine | - can be blocked by physiological concentrations of magnesium and bounded by PCP

Question 36

basal forebrain is the location of the nucleus of basalis of meynert, what type of neruons are there?

Answer 36

cholinergic | - Alzheimers disease is a result of cholinergic neuronal demise predominantly in the nucleus basalis of Meynert

Question 37

what is acetylcholine responsible for?

Answer 37

maintaining short term memory, attention, executive functiong, and novelty seeking which are mediated through the nucleus basalis of Meynert - Alzheimers acetylcholine is depleted

Question 38

H1 blockade

Answer 38

weight gain and sedation

Question 39

Acetylcholine blockade

Answer 39

dry mouth, constipation, blurry vision, urinary retention, and cognitive dysfunction

Question 40

a1 blcokade

Answer 40

orthostatic hypotension and drowsiness