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Step 2 > Neurotransmitters/channels/receptors > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters/channels/receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What is glutamate the precursor to?

A

GABA

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2
Q

What is glutamate (the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain) thought to be very important in?

A

Learning and memory

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3
Q

What is the theory of excitotoxicity?

A

Excessive glutamate lead to excessive intracellular calcium and NO concentrations and cell death

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4
Q

See Raphe’s substantial dopy blue NEs

A
  1. Serotonin-Raphe
  2. Substantia nigra-dopamine
  3. Locus ceruleous- norepinephrine
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5
Q

Where are Noradrenergic neurons found primarily and what do they do?

A

Locus ceruleus, stimulation of the locus ceruleus increases anxiety and ablation of the locus ceruleus blocks anxiety response

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6
Q

7 transmembrane-domaine receptor requires what to open ion channels? What is on the outside and what is on the side?

A
  • G protein

- NH2 outside and COOH intracellular

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7
Q

What type of receptor do NGF and BDNF use?

A

Tyrosine kinase receptor

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8
Q

Can hormones and steroids diffuse into a neuron and bind to cytoplasmic receptors whose effects carry to the nucleus and regulate gene expression?

A

yes

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9
Q

Is the channel in ligand-gated ion channel receptors built into the complex that binds the ligand?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Decreased levels of what in CSF have been linked to higher levels of aggression?

A

Serotonin (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid)

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11
Q

In general what has been shown to promote aggression and what has seen to inhibit it?

A

Promote: dop
Inhibit: NE, serotonin, GABA

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12
Q

Where is acetylcholine made?

A

Nucleus basalis of Meynert

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13
Q

What are the six biogenic amine neurotransmitters?

A
  • dopamine
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • histamine
  • serotonin
  • acetylcholine
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14
Q

What is the precursor for dopamine, NE, epinephrine?

A

tyrosine

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15
Q

What are the secondary messengers?

A

IP3(relase of intracellular calcium from ER), cGMP, Ca2+(excess CA is linked to production of NO and cell death through excociticity), cAMP, DAG, NO and CO

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16
Q

Glatamate receptors

A

AMPA, NMDA, Kainate

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17
Q

NE which receptros

A

Alpha 1, alpha2, beta receptors

18
Q

serotonin which receptros

A

5HT

19
Q

Gaba which receptors

A

GABA

20
Q

Opiods receptor

A

mew

delta

21
Q

buspirone

A 
serotonin 1A agonist or partial agonist
2-3 weeks to be therapeutic 
max dose 60 
- can increase levels of haldol 
- buspar levels are increased by nefazodone, erythromycin, itraconazole, grapefruit juice by inhibition of CYP3A4
22
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter open what type of channels and what happens

A

cation channels that depolarize the cell membrane and increase the likeihood of generating an action potential

23
Q

WHen a neuron is at rest the sodium ions and chloride ions are more prevalent where ?

A

outside the cell
potassium on inside
when at rest neuron more negatively charged on the inside
3 sodium out and 2 potassium in

when reaches certain voltage sodium rushes in–>becomes more positive-depolarization then it shuts then potassium comes out –>hyperpolarization
- repolarization- sodium channels inactive

24
Q

Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the presynaptic neuron, what are their synthesis and release mediated by?

A

Ca2+ influx

25
Q

During an action potential the first ion channel to open is sodium then what channel opens?

A

Ca, allowing more positively charged ions to enter and contribute to the action potetential

  • calcium ions critical to release of neurotransmitter
  • activate opening of potassium ion channels that then put stop to action potential through hyperpolization of the membrane
26
Q

Is the GABA receptor a chloride ion channel

A

yes

27
Q

Diminished what plays a role in suicidal behavior?

A

low CSF 5-HIAA

28
Q

Glycine

A

necessary adjunctive neurotransmitter at the NMDA receptor that binds with glutamate

  • also an independent inhibitory neurotransmitter with its own receptors that open chloride ion channels
  • mutations–>hyperekplexia-exggerated startle response
29
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

l-tyrosine to l-dopa

30
Q

norepinephrine synthesis

A

dopamine b hydroxylase converts dopamine to norepinephrine

31
Q

GABA receptor

A

when GABA receptor is occupied by an agonist there is a rapid influx of negatively charged chloride ions

32
Q

GABA-A

A

alcohol, barbituates, benzos

33
Q

GABA-B

A
  • sodium oxybate (date rape_ used for cataplexy and narcolepsy)
  • lioresal- antipasticity agent
34
Q

what does NMDA receptor allow to pass through?

A

calcium, potassium, sodium

35
Q

when does nmda receptor open

A

when it is bound by 2 glutamate and one glycine

- can be blocked by physiological concentrations of magnesium and bounded by PCP

36
Q

basal forebrain is the location of the nucleus of basalis of meynert, what type of neruons are there?

A

cholinergic

- Alzheimers disease is a result of cholinergic neuronal demise predominantly in the nucleus basalis of Meynert

37
Q

what is acetylcholine responsible for?

A

maintaining short term memory, attention, executive functiong, and novelty seeking which are mediated through the nucleus basalis of Meynert
- Alzheimers acetylcholine is depleted

38
Q

H1 blockade

A

weight gain and sedation

39
Q

Acetylcholine blockade

A

dry mouth, constipation, blurry vision, urinary retention, and cognitive dysfunction

40
Q

a1 blcokade

A

orthostatic hypotension and drowsiness

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